Entire function $f(z)$ grows like $exp(x^pi)$ as $xto+infty$
$begingroup$
Does there exists an entire function $f(z)$ such that $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^pi)=1$ (along the real axis)?
I have successfully constructed $f(z)$ when $pi$ is replaced by a rational number $frac pq$.
For $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$, take $$f(z)=exp(z^{p/q})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2(q-1)/qpi i})$$
It is easy to verify $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$.
Proof of $f(z)$ is entire
It is easy to see $f(z^q)$ is entire. Denote $$g(z)=exp(z^p)+exp(z^pe^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^pe^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^pe^{2(q-1)/qpi i}),$$ $g$ has property $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ and $f(z)=g(z^{1/q})$.
Let $g(x)=a_0+a_1x+cdots$, substituting $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ repeatedly and solving the simultaneous equation gives $g(x)=a_0+a_qx^q+a_{2q}x^{2q}+cdots$. Hence the entirety of $f$.
But for $pi$? I can't take the limit with respect to $p/q$. I have no idea how to proceed.
complex-analysis limits entire-functions
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Does there exists an entire function $f(z)$ such that $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^pi)=1$ (along the real axis)?
I have successfully constructed $f(z)$ when $pi$ is replaced by a rational number $frac pq$.
For $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$, take $$f(z)=exp(z^{p/q})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2(q-1)/qpi i})$$
It is easy to verify $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$.
Proof of $f(z)$ is entire
It is easy to see $f(z^q)$ is entire. Denote $$g(z)=exp(z^p)+exp(z^pe^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^pe^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^pe^{2(q-1)/qpi i}),$$ $g$ has property $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ and $f(z)=g(z^{1/q})$.
Let $g(x)=a_0+a_1x+cdots$, substituting $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ repeatedly and solving the simultaneous equation gives $g(x)=a_0+a_qx^q+a_{2q}x^{2q}+cdots$. Hence the entirety of $f$.
But for $pi$? I can't take the limit with respect to $p/q$. I have no idea how to proceed.
complex-analysis limits entire-functions
$endgroup$
2
$begingroup$
It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 5:56
$begingroup$
Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
$endgroup$
– Kavi Rama Murthy
Jan 15 at 5:59
2
$begingroup$
However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 6:21
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Does there exists an entire function $f(z)$ such that $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^pi)=1$ (along the real axis)?
I have successfully constructed $f(z)$ when $pi$ is replaced by a rational number $frac pq$.
For $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$, take $$f(z)=exp(z^{p/q})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2(q-1)/qpi i})$$
It is easy to verify $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$.
Proof of $f(z)$ is entire
It is easy to see $f(z^q)$ is entire. Denote $$g(z)=exp(z^p)+exp(z^pe^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^pe^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^pe^{2(q-1)/qpi i}),$$ $g$ has property $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ and $f(z)=g(z^{1/q})$.
Let $g(x)=a_0+a_1x+cdots$, substituting $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ repeatedly and solving the simultaneous equation gives $g(x)=a_0+a_qx^q+a_{2q}x^{2q}+cdots$. Hence the entirety of $f$.
But for $pi$? I can't take the limit with respect to $p/q$. I have no idea how to proceed.
complex-analysis limits entire-functions
$endgroup$
Does there exists an entire function $f(z)$ such that $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^pi)=1$ (along the real axis)?
I have successfully constructed $f(z)$ when $pi$ is replaced by a rational number $frac pq$.
For $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$, take $$f(z)=exp(z^{p/q})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2(q-1)/qpi i})$$
It is easy to verify $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$.
Proof of $f(z)$ is entire
It is easy to see $f(z^q)$ is entire. Denote $$g(z)=exp(z^p)+exp(z^pe^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^pe^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^pe^{2(q-1)/qpi i}),$$ $g$ has property $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ and $f(z)=g(z^{1/q})$.
Let $g(x)=a_0+a_1x+cdots$, substituting $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ repeatedly and solving the simultaneous equation gives $g(x)=a_0+a_qx^q+a_{2q}x^{2q}+cdots$. Hence the entirety of $f$.
But for $pi$? I can't take the limit with respect to $p/q$. I have no idea how to proceed.
complex-analysis limits entire-functions
complex-analysis limits entire-functions
edited Jan 15 at 6:55
Kemono Chen
asked Jan 15 at 5:52
Kemono ChenKemono Chen
3,0521743
3,0521743
2
$begingroup$
It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 5:56
$begingroup$
Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
$endgroup$
– Kavi Rama Murthy
Jan 15 at 5:59
2
$begingroup$
However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 6:21
add a comment |
2
$begingroup$
It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 5:56
$begingroup$
Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
$endgroup$
– Kavi Rama Murthy
Jan 15 at 5:59
2
$begingroup$
However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 6:21
2
2
$begingroup$
It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 5:56
$begingroup$
It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 5:56
$begingroup$
Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
$endgroup$
– Kavi Rama Murthy
Jan 15 at 5:59
$begingroup$
Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
$endgroup$
– Kavi Rama Murthy
Jan 15 at 5:59
2
2
$begingroup$
However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 6:21
$begingroup$
However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 6:21
add a comment |
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Let's start with the entire function
$$ f_1(z) = dfrac{1-e^{-z}}{z} $$
and let
$$
f_2(z) = int_1^z f_1(w) ,mathrm{d}w + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t.
$$
(The last term is a real improper integral with the aim to cancel out the integral of $e^{-w}/w$.)
For real $x>1$, we have
begin{align*}
f_2(x)
&= int_1^xleft(frac1t-frac{e^{-t}}tright) ,mathrm{d}t
+ int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + int_x^infty dfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + O(e^{-x}/x).
end{align*}
Then consider $f_3(z) = exp big(pi f_2(z)big)$ and $f(z) = exp f_3(z)$; we obtain
begin{align*}
f_3(x) &= expBig(pilog x + O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^picdotexpBig(O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^piBig(1+O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^pi+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)
end{align*}
so
begin{align*}
f(x) &= exp(f_3(x))
= exp(x^pi) cdot expBig(Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big) =\
&= exp(x^pi) cdotBig(1+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big),
end{align*}
if $xto+infty$.
Therefore,
$$
f(z) = exp exp Bigg( picdot bigg(
int_1^z frac{1-e^{-w}}w ,mathrm{d}w +
int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t
bigg)Bigg)
$$
is an entire function, satisfying $f(x)sim e^{x^pi}$ if $x$ is real and $xtoinfty$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Define
$$f(z)=sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{z}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil} frac{n^n}{n!}$$
where $lceil npirceil$ means the smallest integer greater than or equal to $npi,$ and the $n=0$ term is $1$ by convention. Then $f$ is entire: it converges faster than the usual power series for $exp(z^4).$
We need to show that $exp(-x^pi)f(x)to 1$ as $xtoinfty.$
Let $N$ be a Poisson distributed random variable with mean $x^pi,$ and let $Y=(xN^{-1/pi})^{lceil Npirceil-pi N}$ (with $Y=1$ for $N=0$). Then
$$
exp(-x^pi)f(x)
=exp(-x^pi)sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{x}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil-pi n} frac{x^{pi n}}{n!}
=mathbb E[Y].$$
From here the proof is just routine probabilistic estimates.
Consider a fixed $0<epsilon<1$ and large $x$ (how large to be determined later, depending on $epsilon$).
Let $E$ be the event $x/N^{1/pi}in (exp(-epsilon),exp(epsilon))$ or in other words $Nin (x^pi e^{-epsilonpi},x^pi e^{epsilonpi}).$
The variance of $N$ is $x^pi,$ so by Chebyshev's inequality, $mathbb P[E]$ is at least $1-O(x^{-pi}epsilon^{-2}).$
This means it is possible to pick $x$ large enough such that $mathbb P[E]geq 1-epsilon/x.$ Then as $epsilonto 0$ we get $mathbb E[Y1_E]to 1,$ and $mathbb E[Y(1-1_E)]leq x(1-mathbb P[E])to 0.$ This gives $mathbb E[Y]to 1$ as required.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
});
});
}, "mathjax-editing");
StackExchange.ready(function() {
var channelOptions = {
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "69"
};
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
createEditor();
});
}
else {
createEditor();
}
});
function createEditor() {
StackExchange.prepareEditor({
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader: {
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
},
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
});
}
});
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3074118%2fentire-function-fz-grows-like-expx-pi-as-x-to-infty%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Let's start with the entire function
$$ f_1(z) = dfrac{1-e^{-z}}{z} $$
and let
$$
f_2(z) = int_1^z f_1(w) ,mathrm{d}w + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t.
$$
(The last term is a real improper integral with the aim to cancel out the integral of $e^{-w}/w$.)
For real $x>1$, we have
begin{align*}
f_2(x)
&= int_1^xleft(frac1t-frac{e^{-t}}tright) ,mathrm{d}t
+ int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + int_x^infty dfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + O(e^{-x}/x).
end{align*}
Then consider $f_3(z) = exp big(pi f_2(z)big)$ and $f(z) = exp f_3(z)$; we obtain
begin{align*}
f_3(x) &= expBig(pilog x + O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^picdotexpBig(O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^piBig(1+O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^pi+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)
end{align*}
so
begin{align*}
f(x) &= exp(f_3(x))
= exp(x^pi) cdot expBig(Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big) =\
&= exp(x^pi) cdotBig(1+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big),
end{align*}
if $xto+infty$.
Therefore,
$$
f(z) = exp exp Bigg( picdot bigg(
int_1^z frac{1-e^{-w}}w ,mathrm{d}w +
int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t
bigg)Bigg)
$$
is an entire function, satisfying $f(x)sim e^{x^pi}$ if $x$ is real and $xtoinfty$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Let's start with the entire function
$$ f_1(z) = dfrac{1-e^{-z}}{z} $$
and let
$$
f_2(z) = int_1^z f_1(w) ,mathrm{d}w + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t.
$$
(The last term is a real improper integral with the aim to cancel out the integral of $e^{-w}/w$.)
For real $x>1$, we have
begin{align*}
f_2(x)
&= int_1^xleft(frac1t-frac{e^{-t}}tright) ,mathrm{d}t
+ int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + int_x^infty dfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + O(e^{-x}/x).
end{align*}
Then consider $f_3(z) = exp big(pi f_2(z)big)$ and $f(z) = exp f_3(z)$; we obtain
begin{align*}
f_3(x) &= expBig(pilog x + O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^picdotexpBig(O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^piBig(1+O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^pi+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)
end{align*}
so
begin{align*}
f(x) &= exp(f_3(x))
= exp(x^pi) cdot expBig(Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big) =\
&= exp(x^pi) cdotBig(1+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big),
end{align*}
if $xto+infty$.
Therefore,
$$
f(z) = exp exp Bigg( picdot bigg(
int_1^z frac{1-e^{-w}}w ,mathrm{d}w +
int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t
bigg)Bigg)
$$
is an entire function, satisfying $f(x)sim e^{x^pi}$ if $x$ is real and $xtoinfty$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Let's start with the entire function
$$ f_1(z) = dfrac{1-e^{-z}}{z} $$
and let
$$
f_2(z) = int_1^z f_1(w) ,mathrm{d}w + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t.
$$
(The last term is a real improper integral with the aim to cancel out the integral of $e^{-w}/w$.)
For real $x>1$, we have
begin{align*}
f_2(x)
&= int_1^xleft(frac1t-frac{e^{-t}}tright) ,mathrm{d}t
+ int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + int_x^infty dfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + O(e^{-x}/x).
end{align*}
Then consider $f_3(z) = exp big(pi f_2(z)big)$ and $f(z) = exp f_3(z)$; we obtain
begin{align*}
f_3(x) &= expBig(pilog x + O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^picdotexpBig(O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^piBig(1+O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^pi+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)
end{align*}
so
begin{align*}
f(x) &= exp(f_3(x))
= exp(x^pi) cdot expBig(Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big) =\
&= exp(x^pi) cdotBig(1+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big),
end{align*}
if $xto+infty$.
Therefore,
$$
f(z) = exp exp Bigg( picdot bigg(
int_1^z frac{1-e^{-w}}w ,mathrm{d}w +
int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t
bigg)Bigg)
$$
is an entire function, satisfying $f(x)sim e^{x^pi}$ if $x$ is real and $xtoinfty$.
$endgroup$
Let's start with the entire function
$$ f_1(z) = dfrac{1-e^{-z}}{z} $$
and let
$$
f_2(z) = int_1^z f_1(w) ,mathrm{d}w + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t.
$$
(The last term is a real improper integral with the aim to cancel out the integral of $e^{-w}/w$.)
For real $x>1$, we have
begin{align*}
f_2(x)
&= int_1^xleft(frac1t-frac{e^{-t}}tright) ,mathrm{d}t
+ int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + int_x^infty dfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + O(e^{-x}/x).
end{align*}
Then consider $f_3(z) = exp big(pi f_2(z)big)$ and $f(z) = exp f_3(z)$; we obtain
begin{align*}
f_3(x) &= expBig(pilog x + O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^picdotexpBig(O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^piBig(1+O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^pi+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)
end{align*}
so
begin{align*}
f(x) &= exp(f_3(x))
= exp(x^pi) cdot expBig(Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big) =\
&= exp(x^pi) cdotBig(1+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big),
end{align*}
if $xto+infty$.
Therefore,
$$
f(z) = exp exp Bigg( picdot bigg(
int_1^z frac{1-e^{-w}}w ,mathrm{d}w +
int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t
bigg)Bigg)
$$
is an entire function, satisfying $f(x)sim e^{x^pi}$ if $x$ is real and $xtoinfty$.
edited Jan 17 at 16:03
answered Jan 17 at 15:55
user141614user141614
12.3k925
12.3k925
add a comment |
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Define
$$f(z)=sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{z}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil} frac{n^n}{n!}$$
where $lceil npirceil$ means the smallest integer greater than or equal to $npi,$ and the $n=0$ term is $1$ by convention. Then $f$ is entire: it converges faster than the usual power series for $exp(z^4).$
We need to show that $exp(-x^pi)f(x)to 1$ as $xtoinfty.$
Let $N$ be a Poisson distributed random variable with mean $x^pi,$ and let $Y=(xN^{-1/pi})^{lceil Npirceil-pi N}$ (with $Y=1$ for $N=0$). Then
$$
exp(-x^pi)f(x)
=exp(-x^pi)sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{x}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil-pi n} frac{x^{pi n}}{n!}
=mathbb E[Y].$$
From here the proof is just routine probabilistic estimates.
Consider a fixed $0<epsilon<1$ and large $x$ (how large to be determined later, depending on $epsilon$).
Let $E$ be the event $x/N^{1/pi}in (exp(-epsilon),exp(epsilon))$ or in other words $Nin (x^pi e^{-epsilonpi},x^pi e^{epsilonpi}).$
The variance of $N$ is $x^pi,$ so by Chebyshev's inequality, $mathbb P[E]$ is at least $1-O(x^{-pi}epsilon^{-2}).$
This means it is possible to pick $x$ large enough such that $mathbb P[E]geq 1-epsilon/x.$ Then as $epsilonto 0$ we get $mathbb E[Y1_E]to 1,$ and $mathbb E[Y(1-1_E)]leq x(1-mathbb P[E])to 0.$ This gives $mathbb E[Y]to 1$ as required.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Define
$$f(z)=sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{z}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil} frac{n^n}{n!}$$
where $lceil npirceil$ means the smallest integer greater than or equal to $npi,$ and the $n=0$ term is $1$ by convention. Then $f$ is entire: it converges faster than the usual power series for $exp(z^4).$
We need to show that $exp(-x^pi)f(x)to 1$ as $xtoinfty.$
Let $N$ be a Poisson distributed random variable with mean $x^pi,$ and let $Y=(xN^{-1/pi})^{lceil Npirceil-pi N}$ (with $Y=1$ for $N=0$). Then
$$
exp(-x^pi)f(x)
=exp(-x^pi)sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{x}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil-pi n} frac{x^{pi n}}{n!}
=mathbb E[Y].$$
From here the proof is just routine probabilistic estimates.
Consider a fixed $0<epsilon<1$ and large $x$ (how large to be determined later, depending on $epsilon$).
Let $E$ be the event $x/N^{1/pi}in (exp(-epsilon),exp(epsilon))$ or in other words $Nin (x^pi e^{-epsilonpi},x^pi e^{epsilonpi}).$
The variance of $N$ is $x^pi,$ so by Chebyshev's inequality, $mathbb P[E]$ is at least $1-O(x^{-pi}epsilon^{-2}).$
This means it is possible to pick $x$ large enough such that $mathbb P[E]geq 1-epsilon/x.$ Then as $epsilonto 0$ we get $mathbb E[Y1_E]to 1,$ and $mathbb E[Y(1-1_E)]leq x(1-mathbb P[E])to 0.$ This gives $mathbb E[Y]to 1$ as required.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Define
$$f(z)=sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{z}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil} frac{n^n}{n!}$$
where $lceil npirceil$ means the smallest integer greater than or equal to $npi,$ and the $n=0$ term is $1$ by convention. Then $f$ is entire: it converges faster than the usual power series for $exp(z^4).$
We need to show that $exp(-x^pi)f(x)to 1$ as $xtoinfty.$
Let $N$ be a Poisson distributed random variable with mean $x^pi,$ and let $Y=(xN^{-1/pi})^{lceil Npirceil-pi N}$ (with $Y=1$ for $N=0$). Then
$$
exp(-x^pi)f(x)
=exp(-x^pi)sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{x}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil-pi n} frac{x^{pi n}}{n!}
=mathbb E[Y].$$
From here the proof is just routine probabilistic estimates.
Consider a fixed $0<epsilon<1$ and large $x$ (how large to be determined later, depending on $epsilon$).
Let $E$ be the event $x/N^{1/pi}in (exp(-epsilon),exp(epsilon))$ or in other words $Nin (x^pi e^{-epsilonpi},x^pi e^{epsilonpi}).$
The variance of $N$ is $x^pi,$ so by Chebyshev's inequality, $mathbb P[E]$ is at least $1-O(x^{-pi}epsilon^{-2}).$
This means it is possible to pick $x$ large enough such that $mathbb P[E]geq 1-epsilon/x.$ Then as $epsilonto 0$ we get $mathbb E[Y1_E]to 1,$ and $mathbb E[Y(1-1_E)]leq x(1-mathbb P[E])to 0.$ This gives $mathbb E[Y]to 1$ as required.
$endgroup$
Define
$$f(z)=sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{z}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil} frac{n^n}{n!}$$
where $lceil npirceil$ means the smallest integer greater than or equal to $npi,$ and the $n=0$ term is $1$ by convention. Then $f$ is entire: it converges faster than the usual power series for $exp(z^4).$
We need to show that $exp(-x^pi)f(x)to 1$ as $xtoinfty.$
Let $N$ be a Poisson distributed random variable with mean $x^pi,$ and let $Y=(xN^{-1/pi})^{lceil Npirceil-pi N}$ (with $Y=1$ for $N=0$). Then
$$
exp(-x^pi)f(x)
=exp(-x^pi)sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{x}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil-pi n} frac{x^{pi n}}{n!}
=mathbb E[Y].$$
From here the proof is just routine probabilistic estimates.
Consider a fixed $0<epsilon<1$ and large $x$ (how large to be determined later, depending on $epsilon$).
Let $E$ be the event $x/N^{1/pi}in (exp(-epsilon),exp(epsilon))$ or in other words $Nin (x^pi e^{-epsilonpi},x^pi e^{epsilonpi}).$
The variance of $N$ is $x^pi,$ so by Chebyshev's inequality, $mathbb P[E]$ is at least $1-O(x^{-pi}epsilon^{-2}).$
This means it is possible to pick $x$ large enough such that $mathbb P[E]geq 1-epsilon/x.$ Then as $epsilonto 0$ we get $mathbb E[Y1_E]to 1,$ and $mathbb E[Y(1-1_E)]leq x(1-mathbb P[E])to 0.$ This gives $mathbb E[Y]to 1$ as required.
edited Jan 17 at 15:09
answered Jan 17 at 14:53
DapDap
16.4k739
16.4k739
add a comment |
add a comment |
Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3074118%2fentire-function-fz-grows-like-expx-pi-as-x-to-infty%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
2
$begingroup$
It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 5:56
$begingroup$
Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
$endgroup$
– Kavi Rama Murthy
Jan 15 at 5:59
2
$begingroup$
However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 6:21