Entire function $f(z)$ grows like $exp(x^pi)$ as $xto+infty$












13












$begingroup$



Does there exists an entire function $f(z)$ such that $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^pi)=1$ (along the real axis)?




I have successfully constructed $f(z)$ when $pi$ is replaced by a rational number $frac pq$.

For $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$, take $$f(z)=exp(z^{p/q})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2(q-1)/qpi i})$$
It is easy to verify $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$.




Proof of $f(z)$ is entire

It is easy to see $f(z^q)$ is entire. Denote $$g(z)=exp(z^p)+exp(z^pe^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^pe^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^pe^{2(q-1)/qpi i}),$$ $g$ has property $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ and $f(z)=g(z^{1/q})$.

Let $g(x)=a_0+a_1x+cdots$, substituting $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ repeatedly and solving the simultaneous equation gives $g(x)=a_0+a_qx^q+a_{2q}x^{2q}+cdots$. Hence the entirety of $f$.




But for $pi$? I can't take the limit with respect to $p/q$. I have no idea how to proceed.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 2




    $begingroup$
    It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
    $endgroup$
    – Kemono Chen
    Jan 15 at 5:56










  • $begingroup$
    Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
    $endgroup$
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    Jan 15 at 5:59








  • 2




    $begingroup$
    However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
    $endgroup$
    – Kemono Chen
    Jan 15 at 6:21
















13












$begingroup$



Does there exists an entire function $f(z)$ such that $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^pi)=1$ (along the real axis)?




I have successfully constructed $f(z)$ when $pi$ is replaced by a rational number $frac pq$.

For $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$, take $$f(z)=exp(z^{p/q})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2(q-1)/qpi i})$$
It is easy to verify $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$.




Proof of $f(z)$ is entire

It is easy to see $f(z^q)$ is entire. Denote $$g(z)=exp(z^p)+exp(z^pe^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^pe^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^pe^{2(q-1)/qpi i}),$$ $g$ has property $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ and $f(z)=g(z^{1/q})$.

Let $g(x)=a_0+a_1x+cdots$, substituting $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ repeatedly and solving the simultaneous equation gives $g(x)=a_0+a_qx^q+a_{2q}x^{2q}+cdots$. Hence the entirety of $f$.




But for $pi$? I can't take the limit with respect to $p/q$. I have no idea how to proceed.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 2




    $begingroup$
    It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
    $endgroup$
    – Kemono Chen
    Jan 15 at 5:56










  • $begingroup$
    Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
    $endgroup$
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    Jan 15 at 5:59








  • 2




    $begingroup$
    However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
    $endgroup$
    – Kemono Chen
    Jan 15 at 6:21














13












13








13


11



$begingroup$



Does there exists an entire function $f(z)$ such that $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^pi)=1$ (along the real axis)?




I have successfully constructed $f(z)$ when $pi$ is replaced by a rational number $frac pq$.

For $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$, take $$f(z)=exp(z^{p/q})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2(q-1)/qpi i})$$
It is easy to verify $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$.




Proof of $f(z)$ is entire

It is easy to see $f(z^q)$ is entire. Denote $$g(z)=exp(z^p)+exp(z^pe^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^pe^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^pe^{2(q-1)/qpi i}),$$ $g$ has property $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ and $f(z)=g(z^{1/q})$.

Let $g(x)=a_0+a_1x+cdots$, substituting $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ repeatedly and solving the simultaneous equation gives $g(x)=a_0+a_qx^q+a_{2q}x^{2q}+cdots$. Hence the entirety of $f$.




But for $pi$? I can't take the limit with respect to $p/q$. I have no idea how to proceed.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$





Does there exists an entire function $f(z)$ such that $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^pi)=1$ (along the real axis)?




I have successfully constructed $f(z)$ when $pi$ is replaced by a rational number $frac pq$.

For $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$, take $$f(z)=exp(z^{p/q})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^{p/q}e^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^{p/q}e^{2(q-1)/qpi i})$$
It is easy to verify $lim_{xto+infty}f(x)/exp(x^{p/q})=1$.




Proof of $f(z)$ is entire

It is easy to see $f(z^q)$ is entire. Denote $$g(z)=exp(z^p)+exp(z^pe^{2/qpi i})+exp(z^pe^{4/qpi i})+cdots+exp(z^pe^{2(q-1)/qpi i}),$$ $g$ has property $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ and $f(z)=g(z^{1/q})$.

Let $g(x)=a_0+a_1x+cdots$, substituting $g(z)=g(ze^{2/qpi i})$ repeatedly and solving the simultaneous equation gives $g(x)=a_0+a_qx^q+a_{2q}x^{2q}+cdots$. Hence the entirety of $f$.




But for $pi$? I can't take the limit with respect to $p/q$. I have no idea how to proceed.







complex-analysis limits entire-functions






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share|cite|improve this question













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share|cite|improve this question








edited Jan 15 at 6:55







Kemono Chen

















asked Jan 15 at 5:52









Kemono ChenKemono Chen

3,0521743




3,0521743








  • 2




    $begingroup$
    It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
    $endgroup$
    – Kemono Chen
    Jan 15 at 5:56










  • $begingroup$
    Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
    $endgroup$
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    Jan 15 at 5:59








  • 2




    $begingroup$
    However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
    $endgroup$
    – Kemono Chen
    Jan 15 at 6:21














  • 2




    $begingroup$
    It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
    $endgroup$
    – Kemono Chen
    Jan 15 at 5:56










  • $begingroup$
    Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
    $endgroup$
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    Jan 15 at 5:59








  • 2




    $begingroup$
    However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
    $endgroup$
    – Kemono Chen
    Jan 15 at 6:21








2




2




$begingroup$
It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 5:56




$begingroup$
It is entire. Adding two or more non-entire functions may create an entire one. I will add a proof.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 5:56












$begingroup$
Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
$endgroup$
– Kavi Rama Murthy
Jan 15 at 5:59






$begingroup$
Sorry! I have deleted my comment and given an upvote for the question.
$endgroup$
– Kavi Rama Murthy
Jan 15 at 5:59






2




2




$begingroup$
However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 6:21




$begingroup$
However I should thank you for making me notice the prove is non-trivial so that I can improve the post.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Jan 15 at 6:21










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















6












$begingroup$

Let's start with the entire function
$$ f_1(z) = dfrac{1-e^{-z}}{z} $$
and let
$$
f_2(z) = int_1^z f_1(w) ,mathrm{d}w + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t.
$$

(The last term is a real improper integral with the aim to cancel out the integral of $e^{-w}/w$.)



For real $x>1$, we have
begin{align*}
f_2(x)
&= int_1^xleft(frac1t-frac{e^{-t}}tright) ,mathrm{d}t
+ int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + int_x^infty dfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
&= log x + O(e^{-x}/x).
end{align*}



Then consider $f_3(z) = exp big(pi f_2(z)big)$ and $f(z) = exp f_3(z)$; we obtain
begin{align*}
f_3(x) &= expBig(pilog x + O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^picdotexpBig(O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^piBig(1+O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
&= x^pi+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)
end{align*}

so
begin{align*}
f(x) &= exp(f_3(x))
= exp(x^pi) cdot expBig(Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big) =\
&= exp(x^pi) cdotBig(1+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big),
end{align*}

if $xto+infty$.



Therefore,
$$
f(z) = exp exp Bigg( picdot bigg(
int_1^z frac{1-e^{-w}}w ,mathrm{d}w +
int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t
bigg)Bigg)
$$

is an entire function, satisfying $f(x)sim e^{x^pi}$ if $x$ is real and $xtoinfty$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$





















    7





    +50







    $begingroup$

    Define



    $$f(z)=sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{z}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil} frac{n^n}{n!}$$



    where $lceil npirceil$ means the smallest integer greater than or equal to $npi,$ and the $n=0$ term is $1$ by convention. Then $f$ is entire: it converges faster than the usual power series for $exp(z^4).$



    We need to show that $exp(-x^pi)f(x)to 1$ as $xtoinfty.$
    Let $N$ be a Poisson distributed random variable with mean $x^pi,$ and let $Y=(xN^{-1/pi})^{lceil Npirceil-pi N}$ (with $Y=1$ for $N=0$). Then



    $$
    exp(-x^pi)f(x)
    =exp(-x^pi)sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{x}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil-pi n} frac{x^{pi n}}{n!}
    =mathbb E[Y].$$



    From here the proof is just routine probabilistic estimates.
    Consider a fixed $0<epsilon<1$ and large $x$ (how large to be determined later, depending on $epsilon$).
    Let $E$ be the event $x/N^{1/pi}in (exp(-epsilon),exp(epsilon))$ or in other words $Nin (x^pi e^{-epsilonpi},x^pi e^{epsilonpi}).$
    The variance of $N$ is $x^pi,$ so by Chebyshev's inequality, $mathbb P[E]$ is at least $1-O(x^{-pi}epsilon^{-2}).$
    This means it is possible to pick $x$ large enough such that $mathbb P[E]geq 1-epsilon/x.$ Then as $epsilonto 0$ we get $mathbb E[Y1_E]to 1,$ and $mathbb E[Y(1-1_E)]leq x(1-mathbb P[E])to 0.$ This gives $mathbb E[Y]to 1$ as required.






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      2 Answers
      2






      active

      oldest

      votes








      2 Answers
      2






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes









      6












      $begingroup$

      Let's start with the entire function
      $$ f_1(z) = dfrac{1-e^{-z}}{z} $$
      and let
      $$
      f_2(z) = int_1^z f_1(w) ,mathrm{d}w + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t.
      $$

      (The last term is a real improper integral with the aim to cancel out the integral of $e^{-w}/w$.)



      For real $x>1$, we have
      begin{align*}
      f_2(x)
      &= int_1^xleft(frac1t-frac{e^{-t}}tright) ,mathrm{d}t
      + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
      &= log x + int_x^infty dfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
      &= log x + O(e^{-x}/x).
      end{align*}



      Then consider $f_3(z) = exp big(pi f_2(z)big)$ and $f(z) = exp f_3(z)$; we obtain
      begin{align*}
      f_3(x) &= expBig(pilog x + O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
      &= x^picdotexpBig(O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
      &= x^piBig(1+O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
      &= x^pi+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)
      end{align*}

      so
      begin{align*}
      f(x) &= exp(f_3(x))
      = exp(x^pi) cdot expBig(Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big) =\
      &= exp(x^pi) cdotBig(1+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big),
      end{align*}

      if $xto+infty$.



      Therefore,
      $$
      f(z) = exp exp Bigg( picdot bigg(
      int_1^z frac{1-e^{-w}}w ,mathrm{d}w +
      int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t
      bigg)Bigg)
      $$

      is an entire function, satisfying $f(x)sim e^{x^pi}$ if $x$ is real and $xtoinfty$.






      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$


















        6












        $begingroup$

        Let's start with the entire function
        $$ f_1(z) = dfrac{1-e^{-z}}{z} $$
        and let
        $$
        f_2(z) = int_1^z f_1(w) ,mathrm{d}w + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t.
        $$

        (The last term is a real improper integral with the aim to cancel out the integral of $e^{-w}/w$.)



        For real $x>1$, we have
        begin{align*}
        f_2(x)
        &= int_1^xleft(frac1t-frac{e^{-t}}tright) ,mathrm{d}t
        + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
        &= log x + int_x^infty dfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
        &= log x + O(e^{-x}/x).
        end{align*}



        Then consider $f_3(z) = exp big(pi f_2(z)big)$ and $f(z) = exp f_3(z)$; we obtain
        begin{align*}
        f_3(x) &= expBig(pilog x + O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
        &= x^picdotexpBig(O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
        &= x^piBig(1+O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
        &= x^pi+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)
        end{align*}

        so
        begin{align*}
        f(x) &= exp(f_3(x))
        = exp(x^pi) cdot expBig(Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big) =\
        &= exp(x^pi) cdotBig(1+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big),
        end{align*}

        if $xto+infty$.



        Therefore,
        $$
        f(z) = exp exp Bigg( picdot bigg(
        int_1^z frac{1-e^{-w}}w ,mathrm{d}w +
        int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t
        bigg)Bigg)
        $$

        is an entire function, satisfying $f(x)sim e^{x^pi}$ if $x$ is real and $xtoinfty$.






        share|cite|improve this answer











        $endgroup$
















          6












          6








          6





          $begingroup$

          Let's start with the entire function
          $$ f_1(z) = dfrac{1-e^{-z}}{z} $$
          and let
          $$
          f_2(z) = int_1^z f_1(w) ,mathrm{d}w + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t.
          $$

          (The last term is a real improper integral with the aim to cancel out the integral of $e^{-w}/w$.)



          For real $x>1$, we have
          begin{align*}
          f_2(x)
          &= int_1^xleft(frac1t-frac{e^{-t}}tright) ,mathrm{d}t
          + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
          &= log x + int_x^infty dfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
          &= log x + O(e^{-x}/x).
          end{align*}



          Then consider $f_3(z) = exp big(pi f_2(z)big)$ and $f(z) = exp f_3(z)$; we obtain
          begin{align*}
          f_3(x) &= expBig(pilog x + O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
          &= x^picdotexpBig(O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
          &= x^piBig(1+O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
          &= x^pi+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)
          end{align*}

          so
          begin{align*}
          f(x) &= exp(f_3(x))
          = exp(x^pi) cdot expBig(Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big) =\
          &= exp(x^pi) cdotBig(1+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big),
          end{align*}

          if $xto+infty$.



          Therefore,
          $$
          f(z) = exp exp Bigg( picdot bigg(
          int_1^z frac{1-e^{-w}}w ,mathrm{d}w +
          int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t
          bigg)Bigg)
          $$

          is an entire function, satisfying $f(x)sim e^{x^pi}$ if $x$ is real and $xtoinfty$.






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$



          Let's start with the entire function
          $$ f_1(z) = dfrac{1-e^{-z}}{z} $$
          and let
          $$
          f_2(z) = int_1^z f_1(w) ,mathrm{d}w + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t.
          $$

          (The last term is a real improper integral with the aim to cancel out the integral of $e^{-w}/w$.)



          For real $x>1$, we have
          begin{align*}
          f_2(x)
          &= int_1^xleft(frac1t-frac{e^{-t}}tright) ,mathrm{d}t
          + int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
          &= log x + int_x^infty dfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t \
          &= log x + O(e^{-x}/x).
          end{align*}



          Then consider $f_3(z) = exp big(pi f_2(z)big)$ and $f(z) = exp f_3(z)$; we obtain
          begin{align*}
          f_3(x) &= expBig(pilog x + O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
          &= x^picdotexpBig(O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
          &= x^piBig(1+O(e^{-x}/x)Big) \
          &= x^pi+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)
          end{align*}

          so
          begin{align*}
          f(x) &= exp(f_3(x))
          = exp(x^pi) cdot expBig(Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big) =\
          &= exp(x^pi) cdotBig(1+Obig(x^{pi-1}e^{-x}big)Big),
          end{align*}

          if $xto+infty$.



          Therefore,
          $$
          f(z) = exp exp Bigg( picdot bigg(
          int_1^z frac{1-e^{-w}}w ,mathrm{d}w +
          int_1^inftydfrac{e^{-t}}{t} ,mathrm{d}t
          bigg)Bigg)
          $$

          is an entire function, satisfying $f(x)sim e^{x^pi}$ if $x$ is real and $xtoinfty$.







          share|cite|improve this answer














          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer








          edited Jan 17 at 16:03

























          answered Jan 17 at 15:55









          user141614user141614

          12.3k925




          12.3k925























              7





              +50







              $begingroup$

              Define



              $$f(z)=sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{z}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil} frac{n^n}{n!}$$



              where $lceil npirceil$ means the smallest integer greater than or equal to $npi,$ and the $n=0$ term is $1$ by convention. Then $f$ is entire: it converges faster than the usual power series for $exp(z^4).$



              We need to show that $exp(-x^pi)f(x)to 1$ as $xtoinfty.$
              Let $N$ be a Poisson distributed random variable with mean $x^pi,$ and let $Y=(xN^{-1/pi})^{lceil Npirceil-pi N}$ (with $Y=1$ for $N=0$). Then



              $$
              exp(-x^pi)f(x)
              =exp(-x^pi)sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{x}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil-pi n} frac{x^{pi n}}{n!}
              =mathbb E[Y].$$



              From here the proof is just routine probabilistic estimates.
              Consider a fixed $0<epsilon<1$ and large $x$ (how large to be determined later, depending on $epsilon$).
              Let $E$ be the event $x/N^{1/pi}in (exp(-epsilon),exp(epsilon))$ or in other words $Nin (x^pi e^{-epsilonpi},x^pi e^{epsilonpi}).$
              The variance of $N$ is $x^pi,$ so by Chebyshev's inequality, $mathbb P[E]$ is at least $1-O(x^{-pi}epsilon^{-2}).$
              This means it is possible to pick $x$ large enough such that $mathbb P[E]geq 1-epsilon/x.$ Then as $epsilonto 0$ we get $mathbb E[Y1_E]to 1,$ and $mathbb E[Y(1-1_E)]leq x(1-mathbb P[E])to 0.$ This gives $mathbb E[Y]to 1$ as required.






              share|cite|improve this answer











              $endgroup$


















                7





                +50







                $begingroup$

                Define



                $$f(z)=sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{z}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil} frac{n^n}{n!}$$



                where $lceil npirceil$ means the smallest integer greater than or equal to $npi,$ and the $n=0$ term is $1$ by convention. Then $f$ is entire: it converges faster than the usual power series for $exp(z^4).$



                We need to show that $exp(-x^pi)f(x)to 1$ as $xtoinfty.$
                Let $N$ be a Poisson distributed random variable with mean $x^pi,$ and let $Y=(xN^{-1/pi})^{lceil Npirceil-pi N}$ (with $Y=1$ for $N=0$). Then



                $$
                exp(-x^pi)f(x)
                =exp(-x^pi)sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{x}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil-pi n} frac{x^{pi n}}{n!}
                =mathbb E[Y].$$



                From here the proof is just routine probabilistic estimates.
                Consider a fixed $0<epsilon<1$ and large $x$ (how large to be determined later, depending on $epsilon$).
                Let $E$ be the event $x/N^{1/pi}in (exp(-epsilon),exp(epsilon))$ or in other words $Nin (x^pi e^{-epsilonpi},x^pi e^{epsilonpi}).$
                The variance of $N$ is $x^pi,$ so by Chebyshev's inequality, $mathbb P[E]$ is at least $1-O(x^{-pi}epsilon^{-2}).$
                This means it is possible to pick $x$ large enough such that $mathbb P[E]geq 1-epsilon/x.$ Then as $epsilonto 0$ we get $mathbb E[Y1_E]to 1,$ and $mathbb E[Y(1-1_E)]leq x(1-mathbb P[E])to 0.$ This gives $mathbb E[Y]to 1$ as required.






                share|cite|improve this answer











                $endgroup$
















                  7





                  +50







                  7





                  +50



                  7




                  +50



                  $begingroup$

                  Define



                  $$f(z)=sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{z}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil} frac{n^n}{n!}$$



                  where $lceil npirceil$ means the smallest integer greater than or equal to $npi,$ and the $n=0$ term is $1$ by convention. Then $f$ is entire: it converges faster than the usual power series for $exp(z^4).$



                  We need to show that $exp(-x^pi)f(x)to 1$ as $xtoinfty.$
                  Let $N$ be a Poisson distributed random variable with mean $x^pi,$ and let $Y=(xN^{-1/pi})^{lceil Npirceil-pi N}$ (with $Y=1$ for $N=0$). Then



                  $$
                  exp(-x^pi)f(x)
                  =exp(-x^pi)sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{x}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil-pi n} frac{x^{pi n}}{n!}
                  =mathbb E[Y].$$



                  From here the proof is just routine probabilistic estimates.
                  Consider a fixed $0<epsilon<1$ and large $x$ (how large to be determined later, depending on $epsilon$).
                  Let $E$ be the event $x/N^{1/pi}in (exp(-epsilon),exp(epsilon))$ or in other words $Nin (x^pi e^{-epsilonpi},x^pi e^{epsilonpi}).$
                  The variance of $N$ is $x^pi,$ so by Chebyshev's inequality, $mathbb P[E]$ is at least $1-O(x^{-pi}epsilon^{-2}).$
                  This means it is possible to pick $x$ large enough such that $mathbb P[E]geq 1-epsilon/x.$ Then as $epsilonto 0$ we get $mathbb E[Y1_E]to 1,$ and $mathbb E[Y(1-1_E)]leq x(1-mathbb P[E])to 0.$ This gives $mathbb E[Y]to 1$ as required.






                  share|cite|improve this answer











                  $endgroup$



                  Define



                  $$f(z)=sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{z}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil} frac{n^n}{n!}$$



                  where $lceil npirceil$ means the smallest integer greater than or equal to $npi,$ and the $n=0$ term is $1$ by convention. Then $f$ is entire: it converges faster than the usual power series for $exp(z^4).$



                  We need to show that $exp(-x^pi)f(x)to 1$ as $xtoinfty.$
                  Let $N$ be a Poisson distributed random variable with mean $x^pi,$ and let $Y=(xN^{-1/pi})^{lceil Npirceil-pi N}$ (with $Y=1$ for $N=0$). Then



                  $$
                  exp(-x^pi)f(x)
                  =exp(-x^pi)sum_{n=0}^inftyleft(frac{x}{n^{1/pi}}right)^{lceil npirceil-pi n} frac{x^{pi n}}{n!}
                  =mathbb E[Y].$$



                  From here the proof is just routine probabilistic estimates.
                  Consider a fixed $0<epsilon<1$ and large $x$ (how large to be determined later, depending on $epsilon$).
                  Let $E$ be the event $x/N^{1/pi}in (exp(-epsilon),exp(epsilon))$ or in other words $Nin (x^pi e^{-epsilonpi},x^pi e^{epsilonpi}).$
                  The variance of $N$ is $x^pi,$ so by Chebyshev's inequality, $mathbb P[E]$ is at least $1-O(x^{-pi}epsilon^{-2}).$
                  This means it is possible to pick $x$ large enough such that $mathbb P[E]geq 1-epsilon/x.$ Then as $epsilonto 0$ we get $mathbb E[Y1_E]to 1,$ and $mathbb E[Y(1-1_E)]leq x(1-mathbb P[E])to 0.$ This gives $mathbb E[Y]to 1$ as required.







                  share|cite|improve this answer














                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer








                  edited Jan 17 at 15:09

























                  answered Jan 17 at 14:53









                  DapDap

                  16.4k739




                  16.4k739






























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