Simplification of: AB + A'C + BC in boolean algebra












0












$begingroup$


I am trying to understand the simplification of the boolean expression:



AB + A'C + BC



I know it simplifies to



A'C + BC



And I understand why, but I cannot figure out how to perform the simplification through the expression using the boolean algebra identities. I was wondering if someone could show me the steps needed to do this. Thank you in advance.










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    If you get stuck in the future, try Karnaugh maps. They can help to simplify complicated boolean expressions.
    $endgroup$
    – Cameron Williams
    Sep 5 '16 at 19:04










  • $begingroup$
    Thank you for the suggestion and I know how to use them I just still don't know how to come to the answer with equation simplification.
    $endgroup$
    – M. S.
    Sep 5 '16 at 22:12
















0












$begingroup$


I am trying to understand the simplification of the boolean expression:



AB + A'C + BC



I know it simplifies to



A'C + BC



And I understand why, but I cannot figure out how to perform the simplification through the expression using the boolean algebra identities. I was wondering if someone could show me the steps needed to do this. Thank you in advance.










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    If you get stuck in the future, try Karnaugh maps. They can help to simplify complicated boolean expressions.
    $endgroup$
    – Cameron Williams
    Sep 5 '16 at 19:04










  • $begingroup$
    Thank you for the suggestion and I know how to use them I just still don't know how to come to the answer with equation simplification.
    $endgroup$
    – M. S.
    Sep 5 '16 at 22:12














0












0








0





$begingroup$


I am trying to understand the simplification of the boolean expression:



AB + A'C + BC



I know it simplifies to



A'C + BC



And I understand why, but I cannot figure out how to perform the simplification through the expression using the boolean algebra identities. I was wondering if someone could show me the steps needed to do this. Thank you in advance.










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$




I am trying to understand the simplification of the boolean expression:



AB + A'C + BC



I know it simplifies to



A'C + BC



And I understand why, but I cannot figure out how to perform the simplification through the expression using the boolean algebra identities. I was wondering if someone could show me the steps needed to do this. Thank you in advance.







boolean-algebra






share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question











share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question










asked Sep 5 '16 at 18:39









M. S.M. S.

1112




1112












  • $begingroup$
    If you get stuck in the future, try Karnaugh maps. They can help to simplify complicated boolean expressions.
    $endgroup$
    – Cameron Williams
    Sep 5 '16 at 19:04










  • $begingroup$
    Thank you for the suggestion and I know how to use them I just still don't know how to come to the answer with equation simplification.
    $endgroup$
    – M. S.
    Sep 5 '16 at 22:12


















  • $begingroup$
    If you get stuck in the future, try Karnaugh maps. They can help to simplify complicated boolean expressions.
    $endgroup$
    – Cameron Williams
    Sep 5 '16 at 19:04










  • $begingroup$
    Thank you for the suggestion and I know how to use them I just still don't know how to come to the answer with equation simplification.
    $endgroup$
    – M. S.
    Sep 5 '16 at 22:12
















$begingroup$
If you get stuck in the future, try Karnaugh maps. They can help to simplify complicated boolean expressions.
$endgroup$
– Cameron Williams
Sep 5 '16 at 19:04




$begingroup$
If you get stuck in the future, try Karnaugh maps. They can help to simplify complicated boolean expressions.
$endgroup$
– Cameron Williams
Sep 5 '16 at 19:04












$begingroup$
Thank you for the suggestion and I know how to use them I just still don't know how to come to the answer with equation simplification.
$endgroup$
– M. S.
Sep 5 '16 at 22:12




$begingroup$
Thank you for the suggestion and I know how to use them I just still don't know how to come to the answer with equation simplification.
$endgroup$
– M. S.
Sep 5 '16 at 22:12










4 Answers
4






active

oldest

votes


















2












$begingroup$

The two expressions are not equal. The first expression is true when A and B is true and C false but the second is false in this case.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    I might be mistaken but I believe that both equations return true in that instance. Because if A is true and C is false then A'C is true. Meaning the whole second equation is true because it is an OR.
    $endgroup$
    – M. S.
    Sep 5 '16 at 22:05












  • $begingroup$
    just for clarification because my notation isn't that common the two equations are (AB) + (A*(¬C)) + (BC) and the other one is (A*(¬C)) + (B*C)
    $endgroup$
    – M. S.
    Sep 5 '16 at 22:08












  • $begingroup$
    Okay, yes then I understand. I thought you had negation on the variable to the left of your prime character. One way to arrive at the simplified expression is: $AB+A(neg C)+BC=AB(C+(neg C))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))+BC(A+(neg A))=ABC+AB(neg C)+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+ABC+(neg A)BC=ABC+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+(neg A)BC=BC(A+(neg A))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))=BC+A(neg C)$
    $endgroup$
    – laissez_faire
    Sep 6 '16 at 19:15










  • $begingroup$
    I know this is late, but thank you very much!
    $endgroup$
    – M. S.
    Nov 15 '16 at 2:59



















1












$begingroup$

begin{align*}
&mathrel{phantom{=}}AB+A'C+BC\
&=AB+A'C+BC(A+A') quad text{($A+A'=1$, Complementarity law)}\
&=AB+A'C+ABC+A'BC\
&=AB+ABC+A'C+ABC quad text{(Associative law)}\
&=AB+A'C quad text{(Absorption law)}
end{align*}






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$





















    -1












    $begingroup$

    In this way , this can be simplified



                     LHS = AB+A'C+BC   
    = AB+A'C+BC (A+A') [ A+A'=1 ]
    = AB+A'C+ABC+A'BC
    = AB+ABC+A'C+A'BC
    = AB (1+C)+A'C (1+B)
    = AB+A'C [ 1+C=1 ]
    =RHS..





    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$













    • $begingroup$
      Please use Math Jax in order to produce beautiful and beautifully formatted mathematical texts.
      $endgroup$
      – Daniele Tampieri
      Jan 22 at 21:28



















    -2












    $begingroup$

    a.b+a'.c+b.c

    a.b+a'.c+b.c(a+a') {Complementary Law}

    a.b+a'.c+(a.b.c+a'.b.c)

    (a.b+a.b.c)+(a'.c+a'.c.b)

    a.b(1+c)+a'.c(1+b) {As 1+c=1 and 1+b=1}

    a.b+a'.c






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$













      Your Answer





      StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
      return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
      StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
      StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
      });
      });
      }, "mathjax-editing");

      StackExchange.ready(function() {
      var channelOptions = {
      tags: "".split(" "),
      id: "69"
      };
      initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

      StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
      // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
      if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
      StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
      createEditor();
      });
      }
      else {
      createEditor();
      }
      });

      function createEditor() {
      StackExchange.prepareEditor({
      heartbeatType: 'answer',
      autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
      convertImagesToLinks: true,
      noModals: true,
      showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
      reputationToPostImages: 10,
      bindNavPrevention: true,
      postfix: "",
      imageUploader: {
      brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
      contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
      allowUrls: true
      },
      noCode: true, onDemand: true,
      discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
      ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
      });


      }
      });














      draft saved

      draft discarded


















      StackExchange.ready(
      function () {
      StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f1915698%2fsimplification-of-ab-ac-bc-in-boolean-algebra%23new-answer', 'question_page');
      }
      );

      Post as a guest















      Required, but never shown

























      4 Answers
      4






      active

      oldest

      votes








      4 Answers
      4






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes









      2












      $begingroup$

      The two expressions are not equal. The first expression is true when A and B is true and C false but the second is false in this case.






      share|cite|improve this answer









      $endgroup$













      • $begingroup$
        I might be mistaken but I believe that both equations return true in that instance. Because if A is true and C is false then A'C is true. Meaning the whole second equation is true because it is an OR.
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Sep 5 '16 at 22:05












      • $begingroup$
        just for clarification because my notation isn't that common the two equations are (AB) + (A*(¬C)) + (BC) and the other one is (A*(¬C)) + (B*C)
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Sep 5 '16 at 22:08












      • $begingroup$
        Okay, yes then I understand. I thought you had negation on the variable to the left of your prime character. One way to arrive at the simplified expression is: $AB+A(neg C)+BC=AB(C+(neg C))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))+BC(A+(neg A))=ABC+AB(neg C)+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+ABC+(neg A)BC=ABC+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+(neg A)BC=BC(A+(neg A))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))=BC+A(neg C)$
        $endgroup$
        – laissez_faire
        Sep 6 '16 at 19:15










      • $begingroup$
        I know this is late, but thank you very much!
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Nov 15 '16 at 2:59
















      2












      $begingroup$

      The two expressions are not equal. The first expression is true when A and B is true and C false but the second is false in this case.






      share|cite|improve this answer









      $endgroup$













      • $begingroup$
        I might be mistaken but I believe that both equations return true in that instance. Because if A is true and C is false then A'C is true. Meaning the whole second equation is true because it is an OR.
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Sep 5 '16 at 22:05












      • $begingroup$
        just for clarification because my notation isn't that common the two equations are (AB) + (A*(¬C)) + (BC) and the other one is (A*(¬C)) + (B*C)
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Sep 5 '16 at 22:08












      • $begingroup$
        Okay, yes then I understand. I thought you had negation on the variable to the left of your prime character. One way to arrive at the simplified expression is: $AB+A(neg C)+BC=AB(C+(neg C))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))+BC(A+(neg A))=ABC+AB(neg C)+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+ABC+(neg A)BC=ABC+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+(neg A)BC=BC(A+(neg A))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))=BC+A(neg C)$
        $endgroup$
        – laissez_faire
        Sep 6 '16 at 19:15










      • $begingroup$
        I know this is late, but thank you very much!
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Nov 15 '16 at 2:59














      2












      2








      2





      $begingroup$

      The two expressions are not equal. The first expression is true when A and B is true and C false but the second is false in this case.






      share|cite|improve this answer









      $endgroup$



      The two expressions are not equal. The first expression is true when A and B is true and C false but the second is false in this case.







      share|cite|improve this answer












      share|cite|improve this answer



      share|cite|improve this answer










      answered Sep 5 '16 at 19:02









      laissez_fairelaissez_faire

      384




      384












      • $begingroup$
        I might be mistaken but I believe that both equations return true in that instance. Because if A is true and C is false then A'C is true. Meaning the whole second equation is true because it is an OR.
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Sep 5 '16 at 22:05












      • $begingroup$
        just for clarification because my notation isn't that common the two equations are (AB) + (A*(¬C)) + (BC) and the other one is (A*(¬C)) + (B*C)
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Sep 5 '16 at 22:08












      • $begingroup$
        Okay, yes then I understand. I thought you had negation on the variable to the left of your prime character. One way to arrive at the simplified expression is: $AB+A(neg C)+BC=AB(C+(neg C))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))+BC(A+(neg A))=ABC+AB(neg C)+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+ABC+(neg A)BC=ABC+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+(neg A)BC=BC(A+(neg A))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))=BC+A(neg C)$
        $endgroup$
        – laissez_faire
        Sep 6 '16 at 19:15










      • $begingroup$
        I know this is late, but thank you very much!
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Nov 15 '16 at 2:59


















      • $begingroup$
        I might be mistaken but I believe that both equations return true in that instance. Because if A is true and C is false then A'C is true. Meaning the whole second equation is true because it is an OR.
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Sep 5 '16 at 22:05












      • $begingroup$
        just for clarification because my notation isn't that common the two equations are (AB) + (A*(¬C)) + (BC) and the other one is (A*(¬C)) + (B*C)
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Sep 5 '16 at 22:08












      • $begingroup$
        Okay, yes then I understand. I thought you had negation on the variable to the left of your prime character. One way to arrive at the simplified expression is: $AB+A(neg C)+BC=AB(C+(neg C))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))+BC(A+(neg A))=ABC+AB(neg C)+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+ABC+(neg A)BC=ABC+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+(neg A)BC=BC(A+(neg A))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))=BC+A(neg C)$
        $endgroup$
        – laissez_faire
        Sep 6 '16 at 19:15










      • $begingroup$
        I know this is late, but thank you very much!
        $endgroup$
        – M. S.
        Nov 15 '16 at 2:59
















      $begingroup$
      I might be mistaken but I believe that both equations return true in that instance. Because if A is true and C is false then A'C is true. Meaning the whole second equation is true because it is an OR.
      $endgroup$
      – M. S.
      Sep 5 '16 at 22:05






      $begingroup$
      I might be mistaken but I believe that both equations return true in that instance. Because if A is true and C is false then A'C is true. Meaning the whole second equation is true because it is an OR.
      $endgroup$
      – M. S.
      Sep 5 '16 at 22:05














      $begingroup$
      just for clarification because my notation isn't that common the two equations are (AB) + (A*(¬C)) + (BC) and the other one is (A*(¬C)) + (B*C)
      $endgroup$
      – M. S.
      Sep 5 '16 at 22:08






      $begingroup$
      just for clarification because my notation isn't that common the two equations are (AB) + (A*(¬C)) + (BC) and the other one is (A*(¬C)) + (B*C)
      $endgroup$
      – M. S.
      Sep 5 '16 at 22:08














      $begingroup$
      Okay, yes then I understand. I thought you had negation on the variable to the left of your prime character. One way to arrive at the simplified expression is: $AB+A(neg C)+BC=AB(C+(neg C))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))+BC(A+(neg A))=ABC+AB(neg C)+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+ABC+(neg A)BC=ABC+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+(neg A)BC=BC(A+(neg A))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))=BC+A(neg C)$
      $endgroup$
      – laissez_faire
      Sep 6 '16 at 19:15




      $begingroup$
      Okay, yes then I understand. I thought you had negation on the variable to the left of your prime character. One way to arrive at the simplified expression is: $AB+A(neg C)+BC=AB(C+(neg C))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))+BC(A+(neg A))=ABC+AB(neg C)+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+ABC+(neg A)BC=ABC+AB(neg C)+A(neg B)(neg C)+(neg A)BC=BC(A+(neg A))+A(neg C)(B+(neg B))=BC+A(neg C)$
      $endgroup$
      – laissez_faire
      Sep 6 '16 at 19:15












      $begingroup$
      I know this is late, but thank you very much!
      $endgroup$
      – M. S.
      Nov 15 '16 at 2:59




      $begingroup$
      I know this is late, but thank you very much!
      $endgroup$
      – M. S.
      Nov 15 '16 at 2:59











      1












      $begingroup$

      begin{align*}
      &mathrel{phantom{=}}AB+A'C+BC\
      &=AB+A'C+BC(A+A') quad text{($A+A'=1$, Complementarity law)}\
      &=AB+A'C+ABC+A'BC\
      &=AB+ABC+A'C+ABC quad text{(Associative law)}\
      &=AB+A'C quad text{(Absorption law)}
      end{align*}






      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$


















        1












        $begingroup$

        begin{align*}
        &mathrel{phantom{=}}AB+A'C+BC\
        &=AB+A'C+BC(A+A') quad text{($A+A'=1$, Complementarity law)}\
        &=AB+A'C+ABC+A'BC\
        &=AB+ABC+A'C+ABC quad text{(Associative law)}\
        &=AB+A'C quad text{(Absorption law)}
        end{align*}






        share|cite|improve this answer











        $endgroup$
















          1












          1








          1





          $begingroup$

          begin{align*}
          &mathrel{phantom{=}}AB+A'C+BC\
          &=AB+A'C+BC(A+A') quad text{($A+A'=1$, Complementarity law)}\
          &=AB+A'C+ABC+A'BC\
          &=AB+ABC+A'C+ABC quad text{(Associative law)}\
          &=AB+A'C quad text{(Absorption law)}
          end{align*}






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$



          begin{align*}
          &mathrel{phantom{=}}AB+A'C+BC\
          &=AB+A'C+BC(A+A') quad text{($A+A'=1$, Complementarity law)}\
          &=AB+A'C+ABC+A'BC\
          &=AB+ABC+A'C+ABC quad text{(Associative law)}\
          &=AB+A'C quad text{(Absorption law)}
          end{align*}







          share|cite|improve this answer














          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer








          edited Feb 12 '18 at 4:15









          Saad

          19.7k92352




          19.7k92352










          answered Feb 12 '18 at 3:52









          AnirbanAnirban

          111




          111























              -1












              $begingroup$

              In this way , this can be simplified



                               LHS = AB+A'C+BC   
              = AB+A'C+BC (A+A') [ A+A'=1 ]
              = AB+A'C+ABC+A'BC
              = AB+ABC+A'C+A'BC
              = AB (1+C)+A'C (1+B)
              = AB+A'C [ 1+C=1 ]
              =RHS..





              share|cite|improve this answer









              $endgroup$













              • $begingroup$
                Please use Math Jax in order to produce beautiful and beautifully formatted mathematical texts.
                $endgroup$
                – Daniele Tampieri
                Jan 22 at 21:28
















              -1












              $begingroup$

              In this way , this can be simplified



                               LHS = AB+A'C+BC   
              = AB+A'C+BC (A+A') [ A+A'=1 ]
              = AB+A'C+ABC+A'BC
              = AB+ABC+A'C+A'BC
              = AB (1+C)+A'C (1+B)
              = AB+A'C [ 1+C=1 ]
              =RHS..





              share|cite|improve this answer









              $endgroup$













              • $begingroup$
                Please use Math Jax in order to produce beautiful and beautifully formatted mathematical texts.
                $endgroup$
                – Daniele Tampieri
                Jan 22 at 21:28














              -1












              -1








              -1





              $begingroup$

              In this way , this can be simplified



                               LHS = AB+A'C+BC   
              = AB+A'C+BC (A+A') [ A+A'=1 ]
              = AB+A'C+ABC+A'BC
              = AB+ABC+A'C+A'BC
              = AB (1+C)+A'C (1+B)
              = AB+A'C [ 1+C=1 ]
              =RHS..





              share|cite|improve this answer









              $endgroup$



              In this way , this can be simplified



                               LHS = AB+A'C+BC   
              = AB+A'C+BC (A+A') [ A+A'=1 ]
              = AB+A'C+ABC+A'BC
              = AB+ABC+A'C+A'BC
              = AB (1+C)+A'C (1+B)
              = AB+A'C [ 1+C=1 ]
              =RHS..






              share|cite|improve this answer












              share|cite|improve this answer



              share|cite|improve this answer










              answered Aug 3 '17 at 12:58









              Priya yadavPriya yadav

              1




              1












              • $begingroup$
                Please use Math Jax in order to produce beautiful and beautifully formatted mathematical texts.
                $endgroup$
                – Daniele Tampieri
                Jan 22 at 21:28


















              • $begingroup$
                Please use Math Jax in order to produce beautiful and beautifully formatted mathematical texts.
                $endgroup$
                – Daniele Tampieri
                Jan 22 at 21:28
















              $begingroup$
              Please use Math Jax in order to produce beautiful and beautifully formatted mathematical texts.
              $endgroup$
              – Daniele Tampieri
              Jan 22 at 21:28




              $begingroup$
              Please use Math Jax in order to produce beautiful and beautifully formatted mathematical texts.
              $endgroup$
              – Daniele Tampieri
              Jan 22 at 21:28











              -2












              $begingroup$

              a.b+a'.c+b.c

              a.b+a'.c+b.c(a+a') {Complementary Law}

              a.b+a'.c+(a.b.c+a'.b.c)

              (a.b+a.b.c)+(a'.c+a'.c.b)

              a.b(1+c)+a'.c(1+b) {As 1+c=1 and 1+b=1}

              a.b+a'.c






              share|cite|improve this answer











              $endgroup$


















                -2












                $begingroup$

                a.b+a'.c+b.c

                a.b+a'.c+b.c(a+a') {Complementary Law}

                a.b+a'.c+(a.b.c+a'.b.c)

                (a.b+a.b.c)+(a'.c+a'.c.b)

                a.b(1+c)+a'.c(1+b) {As 1+c=1 and 1+b=1}

                a.b+a'.c






                share|cite|improve this answer











                $endgroup$
















                  -2












                  -2








                  -2





                  $begingroup$

                  a.b+a'.c+b.c

                  a.b+a'.c+b.c(a+a') {Complementary Law}

                  a.b+a'.c+(a.b.c+a'.b.c)

                  (a.b+a.b.c)+(a'.c+a'.c.b)

                  a.b(1+c)+a'.c(1+b) {As 1+c=1 and 1+b=1}

                  a.b+a'.c






                  share|cite|improve this answer











                  $endgroup$



                  a.b+a'.c+b.c

                  a.b+a'.c+b.c(a+a') {Complementary Law}

                  a.b+a'.c+(a.b.c+a'.b.c)

                  (a.b+a.b.c)+(a'.c+a'.c.b)

                  a.b(1+c)+a'.c(1+b) {As 1+c=1 and 1+b=1}

                  a.b+a'.c







                  share|cite|improve this answer














                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer








                  edited Jul 8 '18 at 10:00









                  Martin Sleziak

                  44.8k10119272




                  44.8k10119272










                  answered Jul 8 '18 at 3:17









                  aritra dasaritra das

                  11




                  11






























                      draft saved

                      draft discarded




















































                      Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!


                      • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

                      But avoid



                      • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

                      • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


                      Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


                      To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




                      draft saved


                      draft discarded














                      StackExchange.ready(
                      function () {
                      StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f1915698%2fsimplification-of-ab-ac-bc-in-boolean-algebra%23new-answer', 'question_page');
                      }
                      );

                      Post as a guest















                      Required, but never shown





















































                      Required, but never shown














                      Required, but never shown












                      Required, but never shown







                      Required, but never shown

































                      Required, but never shown














                      Required, but never shown












                      Required, but never shown







                      Required, but never shown







                      Popular posts from this blog

                      Mario Kart Wii

                      What does “Dominus providebit” mean?

                      Antonio Litta Visconti Arese