Is there a reason why $Z(G)$ is named the “centre” of a group?












17












$begingroup$


I just stumbled upon the definition of the center Z of a group G:
$$Z= {x in G mid xz = zx text{ for all } z in G}$$
The name “center” seems to suggest that there is some kind of geometric interpretation of the concept which I fail to see. My question is the following: is there some intuition/motivation behind the choice of naming $Z$ the “center” of a group?










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$endgroup$








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    You may probably start by asking if there is a reason that a group is named a "group." :)
    $endgroup$
    – Alexey
    Jan 15 at 23:50








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Related-hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/7686/…
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Shelby
    Jan 25 at 9:54






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @ThomasShelby Thanks! But its a similar situation: after some digging, nothing concrete was found.
    $endgroup$
    – user1729
    Jan 25 at 11:11










  • $begingroup$
    "Central" also means "of primary importance", so maybe central elements of a group where introduced as "central" because they were of primary importance in the text that introduced them.
    $endgroup$
    – Lazarus
    Jan 25 at 11:32


















17












$begingroup$


I just stumbled upon the definition of the center Z of a group G:
$$Z= {x in G mid xz = zx text{ for all } z in G}$$
The name “center” seems to suggest that there is some kind of geometric interpretation of the concept which I fail to see. My question is the following: is there some intuition/motivation behind the choice of naming $Z$ the “center” of a group?










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    You may probably start by asking if there is a reason that a group is named a "group." :)
    $endgroup$
    – Alexey
    Jan 15 at 23:50








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Related-hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/7686/…
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Shelby
    Jan 25 at 9:54






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @ThomasShelby Thanks! But its a similar situation: after some digging, nothing concrete was found.
    $endgroup$
    – user1729
    Jan 25 at 11:11










  • $begingroup$
    "Central" also means "of primary importance", so maybe central elements of a group where introduced as "central" because they were of primary importance in the text that introduced them.
    $endgroup$
    – Lazarus
    Jan 25 at 11:32
















17












17








17


6



$begingroup$


I just stumbled upon the definition of the center Z of a group G:
$$Z= {x in G mid xz = zx text{ for all } z in G}$$
The name “center” seems to suggest that there is some kind of geometric interpretation of the concept which I fail to see. My question is the following: is there some intuition/motivation behind the choice of naming $Z$ the “center” of a group?










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$




I just stumbled upon the definition of the center Z of a group G:
$$Z= {x in G mid xz = zx text{ for all } z in G}$$
The name “center” seems to suggest that there is some kind of geometric interpretation of the concept which I fail to see. My question is the following: is there some intuition/motivation behind the choice of naming $Z$ the “center” of a group?







abstract-algebra group-theory






share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question











share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question










asked Jan 15 at 21:52









LazarusLazarus

1127




1127








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    You may probably start by asking if there is a reason that a group is named a "group." :)
    $endgroup$
    – Alexey
    Jan 15 at 23:50








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Related-hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/7686/…
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Shelby
    Jan 25 at 9:54






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @ThomasShelby Thanks! But its a similar situation: after some digging, nothing concrete was found.
    $endgroup$
    – user1729
    Jan 25 at 11:11










  • $begingroup$
    "Central" also means "of primary importance", so maybe central elements of a group where introduced as "central" because they were of primary importance in the text that introduced them.
    $endgroup$
    – Lazarus
    Jan 25 at 11:32
















  • 3




    $begingroup$
    You may probably start by asking if there is a reason that a group is named a "group." :)
    $endgroup$
    – Alexey
    Jan 15 at 23:50








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Related-hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/7686/…
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Shelby
    Jan 25 at 9:54






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @ThomasShelby Thanks! But its a similar situation: after some digging, nothing concrete was found.
    $endgroup$
    – user1729
    Jan 25 at 11:11










  • $begingroup$
    "Central" also means "of primary importance", so maybe central elements of a group where introduced as "central" because they were of primary importance in the text that introduced them.
    $endgroup$
    – Lazarus
    Jan 25 at 11:32










3




3




$begingroup$
You may probably start by asking if there is a reason that a group is named a "group." :)
$endgroup$
– Alexey
Jan 15 at 23:50






$begingroup$
You may probably start by asking if there is a reason that a group is named a "group." :)
$endgroup$
– Alexey
Jan 15 at 23:50






1




1




$begingroup$
Related-hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/7686/…
$endgroup$
– Thomas Shelby
Jan 25 at 9:54




$begingroup$
Related-hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/7686/…
$endgroup$
– Thomas Shelby
Jan 25 at 9:54




1




1




$begingroup$
@ThomasShelby Thanks! But its a similar situation: after some digging, nothing concrete was found.
$endgroup$
– user1729
Jan 25 at 11:11




$begingroup$
@ThomasShelby Thanks! But its a similar situation: after some digging, nothing concrete was found.
$endgroup$
– user1729
Jan 25 at 11:11












$begingroup$
"Central" also means "of primary importance", so maybe central elements of a group where introduced as "central" because they were of primary importance in the text that introduced them.
$endgroup$
– Lazarus
Jan 25 at 11:32






$begingroup$
"Central" also means "of primary importance", so maybe central elements of a group where introduced as "central" because they were of primary importance in the text that introduced them.
$endgroup$
– Lazarus
Jan 25 at 11:32












3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes


















12












$begingroup$

An element is called central if it commutes with everything else...i.e., it does not matter whether you multiply from the left or right, so you can think of such an element as being multiplied in the "center" of any product it is in. Starting from there, it is an easy step to start calling the subgroup of all such elements the center. And from there we call it $Z(G)$, the Z being an abbreviation for the German word for center if I remember right.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$









  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Okay but why are those elements called central?
    $endgroup$
    – D_S
    Jan 15 at 22:44






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @D_S Because when left- and right-multiplication agree, you can think of the operation as a third and honorary "central" kind of multiplication, as if $x$ were written literally on top of $z$.
    $endgroup$
    – J.G.
    Jan 15 at 22:51






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Yep, it stands for "Zentrum" in German, which just means center.
    $endgroup$
    – zxmkn
    Jan 15 at 23:15






  • 6




    $begingroup$
    Is this just an educated guess, or do you have a (historical?) citation?
    $endgroup$
    – user1729
    Jan 16 at 11:34






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I would suggest that if one want to go back further than the references given in the HSM article, one would want to look at the literature on Lie algebras. It's fairly transparent that the term "nilpotent" was first used for Lie algebras and then applied to groups. So what about the term "lower central series"? If that was also imported from Lie algebras, then Lie algebras might have been the source for de Séguier's terminology. Not sure this will pan out, but I don't have access to pre-1905 literature of Lie algebras, so I can't check it myself.
    $endgroup$
    – C Monsour
    Jan 25 at 12:55



















6












$begingroup$

Since



$$xz = zx iff x = zxz^{-1}$$



$Z$ can also be written as



$$ Z = {x in G mid x = zxz^{-1} text{ for all } z in G }$$



I hope the name is more intuitive now!






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$









  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Out of the three answers so far, I am buying this one, i.e. $x$ is always between an element and the inverse of that element.
    $endgroup$
    – scaaahu
    Jan 16 at 8:35



















6












$begingroup$

By virtue of left and right multiplications, a group $G$ "naturally lives" in $Sym(G)$ (the group of all the bijections of $G$ into itself) in the shape of a pair of subgroups of $Sym(G)$, say $Theta$ and $Gamma$, both of which it is isomorphic to. These subgroups commute, so $ThetaGamma$ is also a subgroup of $Sym(G)$. Finally, and this is mostly relevant for your question, $Z(G)$ turns out to be isomorphic to $Theta cap Gamma$. Then, in $Sym(G)$ everything looks symmetric around the "center" $Theta cap Gamma$:



enter image description here



For clarity, I'm not saying this is really the reason why the center was historically named that way. It's just a way I "pictorially" found for myself to accept that such a name actually makes sense.






share|cite|improve this answer











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    3 Answers
    3






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    3 Answers
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    active

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    12












    $begingroup$

    An element is called central if it commutes with everything else...i.e., it does not matter whether you multiply from the left or right, so you can think of such an element as being multiplied in the "center" of any product it is in. Starting from there, it is an easy step to start calling the subgroup of all such elements the center. And from there we call it $Z(G)$, the Z being an abbreviation for the German word for center if I remember right.






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$









    • 2




      $begingroup$
      Okay but why are those elements called central?
      $endgroup$
      – D_S
      Jan 15 at 22:44






    • 2




      $begingroup$
      @D_S Because when left- and right-multiplication agree, you can think of the operation as a third and honorary "central" kind of multiplication, as if $x$ were written literally on top of $z$.
      $endgroup$
      – J.G.
      Jan 15 at 22:51






    • 2




      $begingroup$
      Yep, it stands for "Zentrum" in German, which just means center.
      $endgroup$
      – zxmkn
      Jan 15 at 23:15






    • 6




      $begingroup$
      Is this just an educated guess, or do you have a (historical?) citation?
      $endgroup$
      – user1729
      Jan 16 at 11:34






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      I would suggest that if one want to go back further than the references given in the HSM article, one would want to look at the literature on Lie algebras. It's fairly transparent that the term "nilpotent" was first used for Lie algebras and then applied to groups. So what about the term "lower central series"? If that was also imported from Lie algebras, then Lie algebras might have been the source for de Séguier's terminology. Not sure this will pan out, but I don't have access to pre-1905 literature of Lie algebras, so I can't check it myself.
      $endgroup$
      – C Monsour
      Jan 25 at 12:55
















    12












    $begingroup$

    An element is called central if it commutes with everything else...i.e., it does not matter whether you multiply from the left or right, so you can think of such an element as being multiplied in the "center" of any product it is in. Starting from there, it is an easy step to start calling the subgroup of all such elements the center. And from there we call it $Z(G)$, the Z being an abbreviation for the German word for center if I remember right.






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$









    • 2




      $begingroup$
      Okay but why are those elements called central?
      $endgroup$
      – D_S
      Jan 15 at 22:44






    • 2




      $begingroup$
      @D_S Because when left- and right-multiplication agree, you can think of the operation as a third and honorary "central" kind of multiplication, as if $x$ were written literally on top of $z$.
      $endgroup$
      – J.G.
      Jan 15 at 22:51






    • 2




      $begingroup$
      Yep, it stands for "Zentrum" in German, which just means center.
      $endgroup$
      – zxmkn
      Jan 15 at 23:15






    • 6




      $begingroup$
      Is this just an educated guess, or do you have a (historical?) citation?
      $endgroup$
      – user1729
      Jan 16 at 11:34






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      I would suggest that if one want to go back further than the references given in the HSM article, one would want to look at the literature on Lie algebras. It's fairly transparent that the term "nilpotent" was first used for Lie algebras and then applied to groups. So what about the term "lower central series"? If that was also imported from Lie algebras, then Lie algebras might have been the source for de Séguier's terminology. Not sure this will pan out, but I don't have access to pre-1905 literature of Lie algebras, so I can't check it myself.
      $endgroup$
      – C Monsour
      Jan 25 at 12:55














    12












    12








    12





    $begingroup$

    An element is called central if it commutes with everything else...i.e., it does not matter whether you multiply from the left or right, so you can think of such an element as being multiplied in the "center" of any product it is in. Starting from there, it is an easy step to start calling the subgroup of all such elements the center. And from there we call it $Z(G)$, the Z being an abbreviation for the German word for center if I remember right.






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$



    An element is called central if it commutes with everything else...i.e., it does not matter whether you multiply from the left or right, so you can think of such an element as being multiplied in the "center" of any product it is in. Starting from there, it is an easy step to start calling the subgroup of all such elements the center. And from there we call it $Z(G)$, the Z being an abbreviation for the German word for center if I remember right.







    share|cite|improve this answer














    share|cite|improve this answer



    share|cite|improve this answer








    edited Jan 15 at 23:47

























    answered Jan 15 at 22:36









    C MonsourC Monsour

    6,2191325




    6,2191325








    • 2




      $begingroup$
      Okay but why are those elements called central?
      $endgroup$
      – D_S
      Jan 15 at 22:44






    • 2




      $begingroup$
      @D_S Because when left- and right-multiplication agree, you can think of the operation as a third and honorary "central" kind of multiplication, as if $x$ were written literally on top of $z$.
      $endgroup$
      – J.G.
      Jan 15 at 22:51






    • 2




      $begingroup$
      Yep, it stands for "Zentrum" in German, which just means center.
      $endgroup$
      – zxmkn
      Jan 15 at 23:15






    • 6




      $begingroup$
      Is this just an educated guess, or do you have a (historical?) citation?
      $endgroup$
      – user1729
      Jan 16 at 11:34






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      I would suggest that if one want to go back further than the references given in the HSM article, one would want to look at the literature on Lie algebras. It's fairly transparent that the term "nilpotent" was first used for Lie algebras and then applied to groups. So what about the term "lower central series"? If that was also imported from Lie algebras, then Lie algebras might have been the source for de Séguier's terminology. Not sure this will pan out, but I don't have access to pre-1905 literature of Lie algebras, so I can't check it myself.
      $endgroup$
      – C Monsour
      Jan 25 at 12:55














    • 2




      $begingroup$
      Okay but why are those elements called central?
      $endgroup$
      – D_S
      Jan 15 at 22:44






    • 2




      $begingroup$
      @D_S Because when left- and right-multiplication agree, you can think of the operation as a third and honorary "central" kind of multiplication, as if $x$ were written literally on top of $z$.
      $endgroup$
      – J.G.
      Jan 15 at 22:51






    • 2




      $begingroup$
      Yep, it stands for "Zentrum" in German, which just means center.
      $endgroup$
      – zxmkn
      Jan 15 at 23:15






    • 6




      $begingroup$
      Is this just an educated guess, or do you have a (historical?) citation?
      $endgroup$
      – user1729
      Jan 16 at 11:34






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      I would suggest that if one want to go back further than the references given in the HSM article, one would want to look at the literature on Lie algebras. It's fairly transparent that the term "nilpotent" was first used for Lie algebras and then applied to groups. So what about the term "lower central series"? If that was also imported from Lie algebras, then Lie algebras might have been the source for de Séguier's terminology. Not sure this will pan out, but I don't have access to pre-1905 literature of Lie algebras, so I can't check it myself.
      $endgroup$
      – C Monsour
      Jan 25 at 12:55








    2




    2




    $begingroup$
    Okay but why are those elements called central?
    $endgroup$
    – D_S
    Jan 15 at 22:44




    $begingroup$
    Okay but why are those elements called central?
    $endgroup$
    – D_S
    Jan 15 at 22:44




    2




    2




    $begingroup$
    @D_S Because when left- and right-multiplication agree, you can think of the operation as a third and honorary "central" kind of multiplication, as if $x$ were written literally on top of $z$.
    $endgroup$
    – J.G.
    Jan 15 at 22:51




    $begingroup$
    @D_S Because when left- and right-multiplication agree, you can think of the operation as a third and honorary "central" kind of multiplication, as if $x$ were written literally on top of $z$.
    $endgroup$
    – J.G.
    Jan 15 at 22:51




    2




    2




    $begingroup$
    Yep, it stands for "Zentrum" in German, which just means center.
    $endgroup$
    – zxmkn
    Jan 15 at 23:15




    $begingroup$
    Yep, it stands for "Zentrum" in German, which just means center.
    $endgroup$
    – zxmkn
    Jan 15 at 23:15




    6




    6




    $begingroup$
    Is this just an educated guess, or do you have a (historical?) citation?
    $endgroup$
    – user1729
    Jan 16 at 11:34




    $begingroup$
    Is this just an educated guess, or do you have a (historical?) citation?
    $endgroup$
    – user1729
    Jan 16 at 11:34




    1




    1




    $begingroup$
    I would suggest that if one want to go back further than the references given in the HSM article, one would want to look at the literature on Lie algebras. It's fairly transparent that the term "nilpotent" was first used for Lie algebras and then applied to groups. So what about the term "lower central series"? If that was also imported from Lie algebras, then Lie algebras might have been the source for de Séguier's terminology. Not sure this will pan out, but I don't have access to pre-1905 literature of Lie algebras, so I can't check it myself.
    $endgroup$
    – C Monsour
    Jan 25 at 12:55




    $begingroup$
    I would suggest that if one want to go back further than the references given in the HSM article, one would want to look at the literature on Lie algebras. It's fairly transparent that the term "nilpotent" was first used for Lie algebras and then applied to groups. So what about the term "lower central series"? If that was also imported from Lie algebras, then Lie algebras might have been the source for de Séguier's terminology. Not sure this will pan out, but I don't have access to pre-1905 literature of Lie algebras, so I can't check it myself.
    $endgroup$
    – C Monsour
    Jan 25 at 12:55











    6












    $begingroup$

    Since



    $$xz = zx iff x = zxz^{-1}$$



    $Z$ can also be written as



    $$ Z = {x in G mid x = zxz^{-1} text{ for all } z in G }$$



    I hope the name is more intuitive now!






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$









    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Out of the three answers so far, I am buying this one, i.e. $x$ is always between an element and the inverse of that element.
      $endgroup$
      – scaaahu
      Jan 16 at 8:35
















    6












    $begingroup$

    Since



    $$xz = zx iff x = zxz^{-1}$$



    $Z$ can also be written as



    $$ Z = {x in G mid x = zxz^{-1} text{ for all } z in G }$$



    I hope the name is more intuitive now!






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$









    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Out of the three answers so far, I am buying this one, i.e. $x$ is always between an element and the inverse of that element.
      $endgroup$
      – scaaahu
      Jan 16 at 8:35














    6












    6








    6





    $begingroup$

    Since



    $$xz = zx iff x = zxz^{-1}$$



    $Z$ can also be written as



    $$ Z = {x in G mid x = zxz^{-1} text{ for all } z in G }$$



    I hope the name is more intuitive now!






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$



    Since



    $$xz = zx iff x = zxz^{-1}$$



    $Z$ can also be written as



    $$ Z = {x in G mid x = zxz^{-1} text{ for all } z in G }$$



    I hope the name is more intuitive now!







    share|cite|improve this answer












    share|cite|improve this answer



    share|cite|improve this answer










    answered Jan 16 at 3:05









    MetricMetric

    1,21149




    1,21149








    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Out of the three answers so far, I am buying this one, i.e. $x$ is always between an element and the inverse of that element.
      $endgroup$
      – scaaahu
      Jan 16 at 8:35














    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Out of the three answers so far, I am buying this one, i.e. $x$ is always between an element and the inverse of that element.
      $endgroup$
      – scaaahu
      Jan 16 at 8:35








    1




    1




    $begingroup$
    Out of the three answers so far, I am buying this one, i.e. $x$ is always between an element and the inverse of that element.
    $endgroup$
    – scaaahu
    Jan 16 at 8:35




    $begingroup$
    Out of the three answers so far, I am buying this one, i.e. $x$ is always between an element and the inverse of that element.
    $endgroup$
    – scaaahu
    Jan 16 at 8:35











    6












    $begingroup$

    By virtue of left and right multiplications, a group $G$ "naturally lives" in $Sym(G)$ (the group of all the bijections of $G$ into itself) in the shape of a pair of subgroups of $Sym(G)$, say $Theta$ and $Gamma$, both of which it is isomorphic to. These subgroups commute, so $ThetaGamma$ is also a subgroup of $Sym(G)$. Finally, and this is mostly relevant for your question, $Z(G)$ turns out to be isomorphic to $Theta cap Gamma$. Then, in $Sym(G)$ everything looks symmetric around the "center" $Theta cap Gamma$:



    enter image description here



    For clarity, I'm not saying this is really the reason why the center was historically named that way. It's just a way I "pictorially" found for myself to accept that such a name actually makes sense.






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$


















      6












      $begingroup$

      By virtue of left and right multiplications, a group $G$ "naturally lives" in $Sym(G)$ (the group of all the bijections of $G$ into itself) in the shape of a pair of subgroups of $Sym(G)$, say $Theta$ and $Gamma$, both of which it is isomorphic to. These subgroups commute, so $ThetaGamma$ is also a subgroup of $Sym(G)$. Finally, and this is mostly relevant for your question, $Z(G)$ turns out to be isomorphic to $Theta cap Gamma$. Then, in $Sym(G)$ everything looks symmetric around the "center" $Theta cap Gamma$:



      enter image description here



      For clarity, I'm not saying this is really the reason why the center was historically named that way. It's just a way I "pictorially" found for myself to accept that such a name actually makes sense.






      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$
















        6












        6








        6





        $begingroup$

        By virtue of left and right multiplications, a group $G$ "naturally lives" in $Sym(G)$ (the group of all the bijections of $G$ into itself) in the shape of a pair of subgroups of $Sym(G)$, say $Theta$ and $Gamma$, both of which it is isomorphic to. These subgroups commute, so $ThetaGamma$ is also a subgroup of $Sym(G)$. Finally, and this is mostly relevant for your question, $Z(G)$ turns out to be isomorphic to $Theta cap Gamma$. Then, in $Sym(G)$ everything looks symmetric around the "center" $Theta cap Gamma$:



        enter image description here



        For clarity, I'm not saying this is really the reason why the center was historically named that way. It's just a way I "pictorially" found for myself to accept that such a name actually makes sense.






        share|cite|improve this answer











        $endgroup$



        By virtue of left and right multiplications, a group $G$ "naturally lives" in $Sym(G)$ (the group of all the bijections of $G$ into itself) in the shape of a pair of subgroups of $Sym(G)$, say $Theta$ and $Gamma$, both of which it is isomorphic to. These subgroups commute, so $ThetaGamma$ is also a subgroup of $Sym(G)$. Finally, and this is mostly relevant for your question, $Z(G)$ turns out to be isomorphic to $Theta cap Gamma$. Then, in $Sym(G)$ everything looks symmetric around the "center" $Theta cap Gamma$:



        enter image description here



        For clarity, I'm not saying this is really the reason why the center was historically named that way. It's just a way I "pictorially" found for myself to accept that such a name actually makes sense.







        share|cite|improve this answer














        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer








        edited Jan 18 at 15:33

























        answered Jan 16 at 8:22









        LucaLuca

        17919




        17919






























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