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Virgin Galactic, SpaceX, Blue Origin are some companies that plan on sending tourist to space, probably flying people to high altitudes on a rocket attached to a plane and once they are as high as a plane can go, you could start the rocket engines. The hardest part of being an astronaut, besides all the medical training and getting used to the acceleration of the take-off is the cost, so NASA and other non profit organizations send the best of the best so they can be very efficient with the time spent in space.

Yes. For "space tourists" it depends more on their health than training.

For a regular space mission, human body does not need any acclimatization. However, unless we don't care about people dying while on a mission, there are certain health requirements that an astronaut (even a casual one) has to meet. Most importantly, it's high-g (6g for civilians, as far as I know) testing. Less important (but still important) is a simulated 0g training. Then there is a general training on how to use your spacesuit, how to eat, how to go to toilet etc. All of that can be compressed into a couple of days, and if civilians would have a professional "guides" while in space, it would be not much different from today's missions.

So, while we can watch flight training in movies like "Armageddon" with amusement, there is certainly more than just a grain of truth in it.

As most people are mentioning the launch stress of the G-forces, I'd like to bring up the numbers. On average, a human can survive 5Gs (Vertical) before passing out (this doesn't mean we should just let anyone pull 5Gs) and with training and g-suits, can survive about 9Gs. In the negative, human survival is less tolerant with limits at -2Gs to -3Gs.

Horizontal Gs are way more survivable, with humans being able to survive at 46Gs on test and some race car drivers experiencing survivable crashes in excess of 100Gs (with the record held by Kenny Bräck, who survived a horizontal 214Gs in a 2003 crash).

A typical Space Shuttle Launch will experience a peak of 3Gs vertical, which is well within the tolerable range, though still would require medical screening. Nearby Cape Canaveral, Disney World's Mission: Space Attraction subjects the rider to 2.5Gs horizontally, though it does have a famous history of having two fatalities to its name (both brought on by pre-existing conditions, not the ride's operation) and numerous symptoms associated with motion sickness that resulted in one of the centrifuges being operated in a limited state (green) and the more intense ride (orange) having motion sickness bags added for riders. That said, on opening several astronauts from all NASA programs were invited to ride and most reported it to being as close to the real deal as most civvies are ever going to get.

For a short flight, yes.
For a long flight, no.

The longer you are in space, the more training is needed to be there. For a very short trip, it'd be little more than riding as a passenger in a fast plane (and G forces are in tolerable ranges. A bit intense, but nothing the typical healthy human can't handle.)

The first hard part is fears. Unless you're an adrenaline junkie (as pretty much every astronaut is; every astronaut is an experienced diver, fighter jet pilot, and more), the entire process can be immensely fear-inducing. Anyone with a fear of heights is obviously going to have an issue. And once you're in a constant state of free-fall... well... expect at least one untrained person to be screaming. This can be annoying at least for the other passengers and the astronauts.

The second hard part comes with farting (seriously). In a car, boat, or plane, it has a tendency to linger more than in a house or outside, but it still dissipates. That's because none of those things are sealed air-tight; fumes still escape. In a spacecraft, you're stuck with every fart, so proper knowledge of how to handle that is necessary, suits and filters.

The third hard part comes the moment someone needs to go to the restroom. Going to the bathroom in space requires training, because one of the most dangerous things in space is floating liquids (and if you try to use the restroom without proper training, you could actually be at risk of bringing down the entire shuttle due to your fluids getting literally everywhere.)

Then comes eating and drinking. Also challenges in zero G, and again, there's a huge risk if fluids or dust start floating about. Fluids can corrode and/or destroy important electronics, and any kind of dust can wreck havoc with ventilation systems.

The list gets more complicated as things go on, including higher than normal exposure to radiation, how to handle moving about the cabin, and more. Humans are not good at staying stationary for long periods, and will soon need how to interact with a lot of their environment.

No, not in a matter of days.

Even Space tourists have to go through some training and have to be physically in good shape to be able to go through space.

First they would have to undergo some medical tests on them to determine if they are physically fit. That already takes a few days.

They also have to learn and understand some procedures on what to do in case of emergency, that also takes a week at least.

This is mostly for their own safety and the safety of the crew.

So I d say you would need at 2 weeks for the basic minimum.

Realistically there is no reason to send untrained scientist into space as there is a large shortlist of elite trained scientists/astronauts waiting to go to space.

You can, it doesn't take that long to get basic competence.

https://www.wired.co.uk/article/space-health

Despite the physical and mental demands, Virgin does not require the
majority of its space passengers to undergo training. Julia Tizard,
its vice president of operations, explains that Virgin requires this
of only a select few -- mostly those with previous heart or lung
problems. "Our mantra is that everybody who wants to go to space can
get to space," Tizard says at Virgin Galactic's hanger and fabrication
facility in Mojave, where it is building its space planes and
conducting final tests on SpaceShipTwo. "My personal goal," adds the
British astrophysicist, "is to take civilisation to space."

They let anyone into space, even untrained people. There are two complications. G force, and zero g training.

Beyond that, training is up to the ticket holder. You don't want to
lay out a life's savings only to black out, throw up, "or take an
elbow to the ribs", says Binnie, because the other guy floating around
next to you didn't receive instruction. For all these reasons, Virgin
-- whose ship will carry six passengers -- recommends two types of preparation: zero-gravity training and experiencing g-forces. The
first is to help you manoeuvre in weightlessness. The second is to
keep you conscious.

But how long do these take?

https://www.businessinsider.com/how-pilots-survive-inhuman-levels-of-g-force-2014-11

Fortunately, pilots typically only go through centrifugal training a
single time before moving on to the real thing. Once they make it
through, it's usually clear that the student has what it takes to fly
some of the highest-performance aircraft on the planet.

A single session of centrifuge training may be enough to stop you panicking and learn basic breathing exercises.

http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/151-people-in-astronomy/space-exploration-and-astronauts/human-spaceflight-current-or-past/940-how-are-astronauts-trained-for-weightlessness-intermediate

A person feels weightless when he is undergoing free-fall; for example
a person who is diving from a high platform will feel weightlessness
till he/she hits the water. NASA uses a modified KC135 four engine jet
to fly on a parabolic orbit so that for a certain period of time, it
is falling freely towards Earth. In this period, astronauts practice
eating, drinking and using various kinds of onboard shuttle equipment.
Training on these (called vomit comet) normally lasts from 1 to 2
hours.

That would be trickier, and would require a lot of flights, but would be just about feasible.

During the STS programme there was a range of scientists sent to the orbit. Their role was to perform science on board and to some degree to promote the programme itself. One of the astronaut casualties in the Challenger disaster, Christa McAuliffe was a teacher and I don't think anyone expected her to do any ship control. She was chosen to the mission in June 85 and the mission took place in Jan 86 so the training probably wasn't "few days" but with more modern technology and a sudden need it should be quite feasible. The training will mostly tell the scientists how does start and landing procedures look like, what they can't do as well as how to react in case of danger (with extensive training in simulators).

Note though - very simple scientific tasks can be performed by regular astronauts. It should be very difficult tasks that require scientists to actually be on board.

really yes you could send someone of with only 24 hours prep, so long as someone told you exactly how to do your talks, most of it is the computer, ground control and luck right? so long as you also had been under intense Gs before.