Prove all elements $x_n geq sqrt{2}.$ [duplicate]












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  • Show that the recursive sequence is bounded

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Given $x_1 = 2,$ and $$x_{n+1} = frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg),$$ show that for all $n in mathbb{N},$ $x_n geq sqrt{2}.$



I tried the following. Suppose, for contradiction, that $x_{n+1} < sqrt{2}.$ Then, $$frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg) < sqrt{2},$$ and $$x_n + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2}.$$ Given that $x_n geq sqrt{2},$ it follows that $$sqrt{2} + frac{2}{x_n} leq x_n + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2},$$ and $$sqrt{2} + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2}.$$ So, $$frac{2}{x_n} < sqrt{2},$$ and $$sqrt{2} < x_n.$$ No contradiction. I've tried proving it directly, by squaring both sides and by leaving the expression as is, and I consistently find that the $x_n$ and the $x_n^{-1}$ are together problematic.



I also tried something that allowed me to arrive at the following: $$x_{n+1}x_n geq 2.$$ But, I don't think that's helpful.



Help?:)










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marked as duplicate by Martin R, Community Jan 10 at 6:06


This question has been asked before and already has an answer. If those answers do not fully address your question, please ask a new question.















  • $begingroup$
    Just apply "AM >= GM" to $frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg)$ ...
    $endgroup$
    – Martin R
    Jan 10 at 6:02










  • $begingroup$
    AM-GM inequality.
    $endgroup$
    – xbh
    Jan 10 at 6:02












  • $begingroup$
    What is the AM-GM inequality?
    $endgroup$
    – Rafael Vergnaud
    Jan 10 at 6:02






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    The Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means
    $endgroup$
    – Martin R
    Jan 10 at 6:02












  • $begingroup$
    Got it! Thanks :)
    $endgroup$
    – Rafael Vergnaud
    Jan 10 at 6:04
















1












$begingroup$



This question already has an answer here:




  • Show that the recursive sequence is bounded

    1 answer




Given $x_1 = 2,$ and $$x_{n+1} = frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg),$$ show that for all $n in mathbb{N},$ $x_n geq sqrt{2}.$



I tried the following. Suppose, for contradiction, that $x_{n+1} < sqrt{2}.$ Then, $$frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg) < sqrt{2},$$ and $$x_n + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2}.$$ Given that $x_n geq sqrt{2},$ it follows that $$sqrt{2} + frac{2}{x_n} leq x_n + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2},$$ and $$sqrt{2} + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2}.$$ So, $$frac{2}{x_n} < sqrt{2},$$ and $$sqrt{2} < x_n.$$ No contradiction. I've tried proving it directly, by squaring both sides and by leaving the expression as is, and I consistently find that the $x_n$ and the $x_n^{-1}$ are together problematic.



I also tried something that allowed me to arrive at the following: $$x_{n+1}x_n geq 2.$$ But, I don't think that's helpful.



Help?:)










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$



marked as duplicate by Martin R, Community Jan 10 at 6:06


This question has been asked before and already has an answer. If those answers do not fully address your question, please ask a new question.















  • $begingroup$
    Just apply "AM >= GM" to $frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg)$ ...
    $endgroup$
    – Martin R
    Jan 10 at 6:02










  • $begingroup$
    AM-GM inequality.
    $endgroup$
    – xbh
    Jan 10 at 6:02












  • $begingroup$
    What is the AM-GM inequality?
    $endgroup$
    – Rafael Vergnaud
    Jan 10 at 6:02






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    The Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means
    $endgroup$
    – Martin R
    Jan 10 at 6:02












  • $begingroup$
    Got it! Thanks :)
    $endgroup$
    – Rafael Vergnaud
    Jan 10 at 6:04














1












1








1





$begingroup$



This question already has an answer here:




  • Show that the recursive sequence is bounded

    1 answer




Given $x_1 = 2,$ and $$x_{n+1} = frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg),$$ show that for all $n in mathbb{N},$ $x_n geq sqrt{2}.$



I tried the following. Suppose, for contradiction, that $x_{n+1} < sqrt{2}.$ Then, $$frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg) < sqrt{2},$$ and $$x_n + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2}.$$ Given that $x_n geq sqrt{2},$ it follows that $$sqrt{2} + frac{2}{x_n} leq x_n + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2},$$ and $$sqrt{2} + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2}.$$ So, $$frac{2}{x_n} < sqrt{2},$$ and $$sqrt{2} < x_n.$$ No contradiction. I've tried proving it directly, by squaring both sides and by leaving the expression as is, and I consistently find that the $x_n$ and the $x_n^{-1}$ are together problematic.



I also tried something that allowed me to arrive at the following: $$x_{n+1}x_n geq 2.$$ But, I don't think that's helpful.



Help?:)










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$





This question already has an answer here:




  • Show that the recursive sequence is bounded

    1 answer




Given $x_1 = 2,$ and $$x_{n+1} = frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg),$$ show that for all $n in mathbb{N},$ $x_n geq sqrt{2}.$



I tried the following. Suppose, for contradiction, that $x_{n+1} < sqrt{2}.$ Then, $$frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg) < sqrt{2},$$ and $$x_n + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2}.$$ Given that $x_n geq sqrt{2},$ it follows that $$sqrt{2} + frac{2}{x_n} leq x_n + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2},$$ and $$sqrt{2} + frac{2}{x_n} < 2sqrt{2}.$$ So, $$frac{2}{x_n} < sqrt{2},$$ and $$sqrt{2} < x_n.$$ No contradiction. I've tried proving it directly, by squaring both sides and by leaving the expression as is, and I consistently find that the $x_n$ and the $x_n^{-1}$ are together problematic.



I also tried something that allowed me to arrive at the following: $$x_{n+1}x_n geq 2.$$ But, I don't think that's helpful.



Help?:)





This question already has an answer here:




  • Show that the recursive sequence is bounded

    1 answer








sequences-and-series algebra-precalculus






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asked Jan 10 at 5:56









Rafael VergnaudRafael Vergnaud

343116




343116




marked as duplicate by Martin R, Community Jan 10 at 6:06


This question has been asked before and already has an answer. If those answers do not fully address your question, please ask a new question.






marked as duplicate by Martin R, Community Jan 10 at 6:06


This question has been asked before and already has an answer. If those answers do not fully address your question, please ask a new question.














  • $begingroup$
    Just apply "AM >= GM" to $frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg)$ ...
    $endgroup$
    – Martin R
    Jan 10 at 6:02










  • $begingroup$
    AM-GM inequality.
    $endgroup$
    – xbh
    Jan 10 at 6:02












  • $begingroup$
    What is the AM-GM inequality?
    $endgroup$
    – Rafael Vergnaud
    Jan 10 at 6:02






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    The Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means
    $endgroup$
    – Martin R
    Jan 10 at 6:02












  • $begingroup$
    Got it! Thanks :)
    $endgroup$
    – Rafael Vergnaud
    Jan 10 at 6:04


















  • $begingroup$
    Just apply "AM >= GM" to $frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg)$ ...
    $endgroup$
    – Martin R
    Jan 10 at 6:02










  • $begingroup$
    AM-GM inequality.
    $endgroup$
    – xbh
    Jan 10 at 6:02












  • $begingroup$
    What is the AM-GM inequality?
    $endgroup$
    – Rafael Vergnaud
    Jan 10 at 6:02






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    The Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means
    $endgroup$
    – Martin R
    Jan 10 at 6:02












  • $begingroup$
    Got it! Thanks :)
    $endgroup$
    – Rafael Vergnaud
    Jan 10 at 6:04
















$begingroup$
Just apply "AM >= GM" to $frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg)$ ...
$endgroup$
– Martin R
Jan 10 at 6:02




$begingroup$
Just apply "AM >= GM" to $frac{1}{2}bigg(x_n + frac{2}{x_n} bigg)$ ...
$endgroup$
– Martin R
Jan 10 at 6:02












$begingroup$
AM-GM inequality.
$endgroup$
– xbh
Jan 10 at 6:02






$begingroup$
AM-GM inequality.
$endgroup$
– xbh
Jan 10 at 6:02














$begingroup$
What is the AM-GM inequality?
$endgroup$
– Rafael Vergnaud
Jan 10 at 6:02




$begingroup$
What is the AM-GM inequality?
$endgroup$
– Rafael Vergnaud
Jan 10 at 6:02




1




1




$begingroup$
The Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means
$endgroup$
– Martin R
Jan 10 at 6:02






$begingroup$
The Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means
$endgroup$
– Martin R
Jan 10 at 6:02














$begingroup$
Got it! Thanks :)
$endgroup$
– Rafael Vergnaud
Jan 10 at 6:04




$begingroup$
Got it! Thanks :)
$endgroup$
– Rafael Vergnaud
Jan 10 at 6:04










2 Answers
2






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oldest

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4












$begingroup$

$x_1geqsqrt{2}$, $x_2geqsqrt{2}$. Now suppose $x_{n-1}geqsqrt{2}$, then by AM-GM we have $x_n=frac{1}{2}(x_{n-1}+frac{2}{x_{n-1}})geqfrac{1}{2}(2sqrt{x_{n-1}frac{2}{x_{n-1}}})=sqrt{2}$






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    3












    $begingroup$

    This is immediate from AM-GM: $frac{1}{2}bigg(x + frac{2}{x} bigg)$ is the arithmetic mean of $x$ and $2/x$, which is always greater than or equal to the geometric mean $sqrt{xcdotfrac{2}{x}}=sqrt{2}$ (for $x>0$).



    Alternatively, if you don't know AM-GM, you can reach the same conclusion easily with a bit of calculus. Letting $f(x)=x + frac{2}{x}$, we have $f'(x)=1-frac{2}{x^2}$ which is negative for $0<x<sqrt{2}$ and positive for $x>sqrt{2}$. It follows that $f(x)$ is minimized (on $(0,infty)$) at $x=sqrt{2}$, so $frac{1}{2}f(x)geqfrac{1}{2}f(sqrt{2})=sqrt{2}$ for all $x>0$.






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$













    • $begingroup$
      Oh. I didn't know about that. Thank you!
      $endgroup$
      – Rafael Vergnaud
      Jan 10 at 6:04


















    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

    votes








    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

    votes









    active

    oldest

    votes






    active

    oldest

    votes









    4












    $begingroup$

    $x_1geqsqrt{2}$, $x_2geqsqrt{2}$. Now suppose $x_{n-1}geqsqrt{2}$, then by AM-GM we have $x_n=frac{1}{2}(x_{n-1}+frac{2}{x_{n-1}})geqfrac{1}{2}(2sqrt{x_{n-1}frac{2}{x_{n-1}}})=sqrt{2}$






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$


















      4












      $begingroup$

      $x_1geqsqrt{2}$, $x_2geqsqrt{2}$. Now suppose $x_{n-1}geqsqrt{2}$, then by AM-GM we have $x_n=frac{1}{2}(x_{n-1}+frac{2}{x_{n-1}})geqfrac{1}{2}(2sqrt{x_{n-1}frac{2}{x_{n-1}}})=sqrt{2}$






      share|cite|improve this answer









      $endgroup$
















        4












        4








        4





        $begingroup$

        $x_1geqsqrt{2}$, $x_2geqsqrt{2}$. Now suppose $x_{n-1}geqsqrt{2}$, then by AM-GM we have $x_n=frac{1}{2}(x_{n-1}+frac{2}{x_{n-1}})geqfrac{1}{2}(2sqrt{x_{n-1}frac{2}{x_{n-1}}})=sqrt{2}$






        share|cite|improve this answer









        $endgroup$



        $x_1geqsqrt{2}$, $x_2geqsqrt{2}$. Now suppose $x_{n-1}geqsqrt{2}$, then by AM-GM we have $x_n=frac{1}{2}(x_{n-1}+frac{2}{x_{n-1}})geqfrac{1}{2}(2sqrt{x_{n-1}frac{2}{x_{n-1}}})=sqrt{2}$







        share|cite|improve this answer












        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer










        answered Jan 10 at 6:04









        LeeLee

        332111




        332111























            3












            $begingroup$

            This is immediate from AM-GM: $frac{1}{2}bigg(x + frac{2}{x} bigg)$ is the arithmetic mean of $x$ and $2/x$, which is always greater than or equal to the geometric mean $sqrt{xcdotfrac{2}{x}}=sqrt{2}$ (for $x>0$).



            Alternatively, if you don't know AM-GM, you can reach the same conclusion easily with a bit of calculus. Letting $f(x)=x + frac{2}{x}$, we have $f'(x)=1-frac{2}{x^2}$ which is negative for $0<x<sqrt{2}$ and positive for $x>sqrt{2}$. It follows that $f(x)$ is minimized (on $(0,infty)$) at $x=sqrt{2}$, so $frac{1}{2}f(x)geqfrac{1}{2}f(sqrt{2})=sqrt{2}$ for all $x>0$.






            share|cite|improve this answer











            $endgroup$













            • $begingroup$
              Oh. I didn't know about that. Thank you!
              $endgroup$
              – Rafael Vergnaud
              Jan 10 at 6:04
















            3












            $begingroup$

            This is immediate from AM-GM: $frac{1}{2}bigg(x + frac{2}{x} bigg)$ is the arithmetic mean of $x$ and $2/x$, which is always greater than or equal to the geometric mean $sqrt{xcdotfrac{2}{x}}=sqrt{2}$ (for $x>0$).



            Alternatively, if you don't know AM-GM, you can reach the same conclusion easily with a bit of calculus. Letting $f(x)=x + frac{2}{x}$, we have $f'(x)=1-frac{2}{x^2}$ which is negative for $0<x<sqrt{2}$ and positive for $x>sqrt{2}$. It follows that $f(x)$ is minimized (on $(0,infty)$) at $x=sqrt{2}$, so $frac{1}{2}f(x)geqfrac{1}{2}f(sqrt{2})=sqrt{2}$ for all $x>0$.






            share|cite|improve this answer











            $endgroup$













            • $begingroup$
              Oh. I didn't know about that. Thank you!
              $endgroup$
              – Rafael Vergnaud
              Jan 10 at 6:04














            3












            3








            3





            $begingroup$

            This is immediate from AM-GM: $frac{1}{2}bigg(x + frac{2}{x} bigg)$ is the arithmetic mean of $x$ and $2/x$, which is always greater than or equal to the geometric mean $sqrt{xcdotfrac{2}{x}}=sqrt{2}$ (for $x>0$).



            Alternatively, if you don't know AM-GM, you can reach the same conclusion easily with a bit of calculus. Letting $f(x)=x + frac{2}{x}$, we have $f'(x)=1-frac{2}{x^2}$ which is negative for $0<x<sqrt{2}$ and positive for $x>sqrt{2}$. It follows that $f(x)$ is minimized (on $(0,infty)$) at $x=sqrt{2}$, so $frac{1}{2}f(x)geqfrac{1}{2}f(sqrt{2})=sqrt{2}$ for all $x>0$.






            share|cite|improve this answer











            $endgroup$



            This is immediate from AM-GM: $frac{1}{2}bigg(x + frac{2}{x} bigg)$ is the arithmetic mean of $x$ and $2/x$, which is always greater than or equal to the geometric mean $sqrt{xcdotfrac{2}{x}}=sqrt{2}$ (for $x>0$).



            Alternatively, if you don't know AM-GM, you can reach the same conclusion easily with a bit of calculus. Letting $f(x)=x + frac{2}{x}$, we have $f'(x)=1-frac{2}{x^2}$ which is negative for $0<x<sqrt{2}$ and positive for $x>sqrt{2}$. It follows that $f(x)$ is minimized (on $(0,infty)$) at $x=sqrt{2}$, so $frac{1}{2}f(x)geqfrac{1}{2}f(sqrt{2})=sqrt{2}$ for all $x>0$.







            share|cite|improve this answer














            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer








            edited Jan 10 at 6:08

























            answered Jan 10 at 6:03









            Eric WofseyEric Wofsey

            182k12209337




            182k12209337












            • $begingroup$
              Oh. I didn't know about that. Thank you!
              $endgroup$
              – Rafael Vergnaud
              Jan 10 at 6:04


















            • $begingroup$
              Oh. I didn't know about that. Thank you!
              $endgroup$
              – Rafael Vergnaud
              Jan 10 at 6:04
















            $begingroup$
            Oh. I didn't know about that. Thank you!
            $endgroup$
            – Rafael Vergnaud
            Jan 10 at 6:04




            $begingroup$
            Oh. I didn't know about that. Thank you!
            $endgroup$
            – Rafael Vergnaud
            Jan 10 at 6:04



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