Prove topological equivalence between two distances












0














Let $d(x,y)=|x-y|$ and $h(x,y)=|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}}$ be two distances on $mathbb{R}$.



I want to prove that they are topologically equivalent



I supposed that $f(x)=x$ and $g(x)=x^{frac{1}{3}}$



so we can say that



$f(x)leq g(x)$ $forall xin [0,1]$ and $f(x)geq g(x)$ $forall xgeq 1$



Will this information lead me somewhere ? If yes, how would I proceed ?










share|cite|improve this question







New contributor




Any Bany is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

























    0














    Let $d(x,y)=|x-y|$ and $h(x,y)=|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}}$ be two distances on $mathbb{R}$.



    I want to prove that they are topologically equivalent



    I supposed that $f(x)=x$ and $g(x)=x^{frac{1}{3}}$



    so we can say that



    $f(x)leq g(x)$ $forall xin [0,1]$ and $f(x)geq g(x)$ $forall xgeq 1$



    Will this information lead me somewhere ? If yes, how would I proceed ?










    share|cite|improve this question







    New contributor




    Any Bany is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
    Check out our Code of Conduct.























      0












      0








      0


      1





      Let $d(x,y)=|x-y|$ and $h(x,y)=|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}}$ be two distances on $mathbb{R}$.



      I want to prove that they are topologically equivalent



      I supposed that $f(x)=x$ and $g(x)=x^{frac{1}{3}}$



      so we can say that



      $f(x)leq g(x)$ $forall xin [0,1]$ and $f(x)geq g(x)$ $forall xgeq 1$



      Will this information lead me somewhere ? If yes, how would I proceed ?










      share|cite|improve this question







      New contributor




      Any Bany is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.











      Let $d(x,y)=|x-y|$ and $h(x,y)=|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}}$ be two distances on $mathbb{R}$.



      I want to prove that they are topologically equivalent



      I supposed that $f(x)=x$ and $g(x)=x^{frac{1}{3}}$



      so we can say that



      $f(x)leq g(x)$ $forall xin [0,1]$ and $f(x)geq g(x)$ $forall xgeq 1$



      Will this information lead me somewhere ? If yes, how would I proceed ?







      general-topology






      share|cite|improve this question







      New contributor




      Any Bany is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.











      share|cite|improve this question







      New contributor




      Any Bany is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.









      share|cite|improve this question




      share|cite|improve this question






      New contributor




      Any Bany is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.









      asked 2 days ago









      Any BanyAny Bany

      31




      31




      New contributor




      Any Bany is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.





      New contributor





      Any Bany is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.






      Any Bany is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.






















          2 Answers
          2






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          1














          Here, I use the term "$d$-ball" to indicate a set of the form $bigl{yinBbb R:d(x,y)<rbigr}$--specifically, I'd call that the $d$-ball centered at $x$ with radius $r$--and similarly use the term "$h$-ball" to indicate a set of the form $bigl{yinBbb R:h(x,y)<rbigr}.$



          To show topological equivalence, we want to show the following:




          1. Given any $d$-ball $B$ and any $yin B,$ there exists some $h$-ball $B'$ such that $yin B'subseteq B.$

          2. Given any $h$-ball $B$ and any $yin B,$ there exists some $d$-ball $B'$ such that $yin B'subseteq B.$


          Your first observation makes one direction fairly easy. Pick an arbitrary $d$-ball $B,$ with center $x$ and radius $r,$ and take any $yin B.$ Find a radius $r'$ such that the $d$-ball centered at $y$ with radius $r_0$ is a subset of $B.$ Call this $d$-ball $B_0.$ Now, using your first observation, show that by choosing a radius $r'$ such that $0<r'<1$ and $r'le r_0,$ then the $h$-ball centered at $y$ of radius $r'$ is then a subset of $B_0$ containing $y,$ so you've proved 1.



          To prove 2, we proceed similarly, but have more work to do. Start with an arbitrary $h$-ball $B,$ with center $x$ and radius $r,$ and take any $yin B.$ Your goal is to find some $r'>0$ such that whenever $d(y,z)<r',$ we have $h(x,z)<r.$ In other words, we need $|x-z|^{frac13}<r$ whenever $|y-z|<r'.$



          By triangle inequality, we have $$|x-z|^{frac13}le |x-y|^{frac13}+|y-z|^{frac13}$$ right away, and recalling our choice of $y,$ we have that $|x-y|^{frac13}<r,$ so that $0<r-|x-y|^{frac13}.$ Consequently, if we can ensure that $|y-z|^{frac13}<r-|x-y|^{frac13},$ we'll have $|x-z|^{frac13}<r$ as desired. Can you take it from there?






          share|cite|improve this answer



















          • 1




            If we choose $r'=(r-|x-y|)^{frac{1}{3}}$ it will be done right ?
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • Exactly! Nicely done.
            – Cameron Buie
            2 days ago










          • You said 0<r'<1 , it should be r'>1
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • Oh, dear! I did things backward. I'll edit accordingly.
            – Cameron Buie
            2 days ago










          • So now it would be $r'=(r-|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}})^3$ right ? Thanks btw
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago





















          0














          Observe that for any sequences $x_n$ and $y_n$,
          $$|x_n - y_n| to 0 iff |x_n - y_n|^{1/3} to 0$$
          as $ntoinfty$.






          share|cite|improve this answer





















          • Can't we prove that $exists alpha ,beta $ such that $alpha d(x,y)leq h(x,y)leq beta d(x,y)$
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • For $|x| < 1$, $|x| le |x|^{1/3}$. You cannot get a constant for the reverse inequality.
            – ncmathsadist
            2 days ago











          Your Answer





          StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
          return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
          StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
          StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
          });
          });
          }, "mathjax-editing");

          StackExchange.ready(function() {
          var channelOptions = {
          tags: "".split(" "),
          id: "69"
          };
          initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

          StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
          // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
          if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
          StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
          createEditor();
          });
          }
          else {
          createEditor();
          }
          });

          function createEditor() {
          StackExchange.prepareEditor({
          heartbeatType: 'answer',
          autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
          convertImagesToLinks: true,
          noModals: true,
          showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
          reputationToPostImages: 10,
          bindNavPrevention: true,
          postfix: "",
          imageUploader: {
          brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
          contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
          allowUrls: true
          },
          noCode: true, onDemand: true,
          discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
          ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
          });


          }
          });






          Any Bany is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.










          draft saved

          draft discarded


















          StackExchange.ready(
          function () {
          StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3062897%2fprove-topological-equivalence-between-two-distances%23new-answer', 'question_page');
          }
          );

          Post as a guest















          Required, but never shown

























          2 Answers
          2






          active

          oldest

          votes








          2 Answers
          2






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

          votes






          active

          oldest

          votes









          1














          Here, I use the term "$d$-ball" to indicate a set of the form $bigl{yinBbb R:d(x,y)<rbigr}$--specifically, I'd call that the $d$-ball centered at $x$ with radius $r$--and similarly use the term "$h$-ball" to indicate a set of the form $bigl{yinBbb R:h(x,y)<rbigr}.$



          To show topological equivalence, we want to show the following:




          1. Given any $d$-ball $B$ and any $yin B,$ there exists some $h$-ball $B'$ such that $yin B'subseteq B.$

          2. Given any $h$-ball $B$ and any $yin B,$ there exists some $d$-ball $B'$ such that $yin B'subseteq B.$


          Your first observation makes one direction fairly easy. Pick an arbitrary $d$-ball $B,$ with center $x$ and radius $r,$ and take any $yin B.$ Find a radius $r'$ such that the $d$-ball centered at $y$ with radius $r_0$ is a subset of $B.$ Call this $d$-ball $B_0.$ Now, using your first observation, show that by choosing a radius $r'$ such that $0<r'<1$ and $r'le r_0,$ then the $h$-ball centered at $y$ of radius $r'$ is then a subset of $B_0$ containing $y,$ so you've proved 1.



          To prove 2, we proceed similarly, but have more work to do. Start with an arbitrary $h$-ball $B,$ with center $x$ and radius $r,$ and take any $yin B.$ Your goal is to find some $r'>0$ such that whenever $d(y,z)<r',$ we have $h(x,z)<r.$ In other words, we need $|x-z|^{frac13}<r$ whenever $|y-z|<r'.$



          By triangle inequality, we have $$|x-z|^{frac13}le |x-y|^{frac13}+|y-z|^{frac13}$$ right away, and recalling our choice of $y,$ we have that $|x-y|^{frac13}<r,$ so that $0<r-|x-y|^{frac13}.$ Consequently, if we can ensure that $|y-z|^{frac13}<r-|x-y|^{frac13},$ we'll have $|x-z|^{frac13}<r$ as desired. Can you take it from there?






          share|cite|improve this answer



















          • 1




            If we choose $r'=(r-|x-y|)^{frac{1}{3}}$ it will be done right ?
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • Exactly! Nicely done.
            – Cameron Buie
            2 days ago










          • You said 0<r'<1 , it should be r'>1
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • Oh, dear! I did things backward. I'll edit accordingly.
            – Cameron Buie
            2 days ago










          • So now it would be $r'=(r-|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}})^3$ right ? Thanks btw
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago


















          1














          Here, I use the term "$d$-ball" to indicate a set of the form $bigl{yinBbb R:d(x,y)<rbigr}$--specifically, I'd call that the $d$-ball centered at $x$ with radius $r$--and similarly use the term "$h$-ball" to indicate a set of the form $bigl{yinBbb R:h(x,y)<rbigr}.$



          To show topological equivalence, we want to show the following:




          1. Given any $d$-ball $B$ and any $yin B,$ there exists some $h$-ball $B'$ such that $yin B'subseteq B.$

          2. Given any $h$-ball $B$ and any $yin B,$ there exists some $d$-ball $B'$ such that $yin B'subseteq B.$


          Your first observation makes one direction fairly easy. Pick an arbitrary $d$-ball $B,$ with center $x$ and radius $r,$ and take any $yin B.$ Find a radius $r'$ such that the $d$-ball centered at $y$ with radius $r_0$ is a subset of $B.$ Call this $d$-ball $B_0.$ Now, using your first observation, show that by choosing a radius $r'$ such that $0<r'<1$ and $r'le r_0,$ then the $h$-ball centered at $y$ of radius $r'$ is then a subset of $B_0$ containing $y,$ so you've proved 1.



          To prove 2, we proceed similarly, but have more work to do. Start with an arbitrary $h$-ball $B,$ with center $x$ and radius $r,$ and take any $yin B.$ Your goal is to find some $r'>0$ such that whenever $d(y,z)<r',$ we have $h(x,z)<r.$ In other words, we need $|x-z|^{frac13}<r$ whenever $|y-z|<r'.$



          By triangle inequality, we have $$|x-z|^{frac13}le |x-y|^{frac13}+|y-z|^{frac13}$$ right away, and recalling our choice of $y,$ we have that $|x-y|^{frac13}<r,$ so that $0<r-|x-y|^{frac13}.$ Consequently, if we can ensure that $|y-z|^{frac13}<r-|x-y|^{frac13},$ we'll have $|x-z|^{frac13}<r$ as desired. Can you take it from there?






          share|cite|improve this answer



















          • 1




            If we choose $r'=(r-|x-y|)^{frac{1}{3}}$ it will be done right ?
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • Exactly! Nicely done.
            – Cameron Buie
            2 days ago










          • You said 0<r'<1 , it should be r'>1
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • Oh, dear! I did things backward. I'll edit accordingly.
            – Cameron Buie
            2 days ago










          • So now it would be $r'=(r-|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}})^3$ right ? Thanks btw
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago
















          1












          1








          1






          Here, I use the term "$d$-ball" to indicate a set of the form $bigl{yinBbb R:d(x,y)<rbigr}$--specifically, I'd call that the $d$-ball centered at $x$ with radius $r$--and similarly use the term "$h$-ball" to indicate a set of the form $bigl{yinBbb R:h(x,y)<rbigr}.$



          To show topological equivalence, we want to show the following:




          1. Given any $d$-ball $B$ and any $yin B,$ there exists some $h$-ball $B'$ such that $yin B'subseteq B.$

          2. Given any $h$-ball $B$ and any $yin B,$ there exists some $d$-ball $B'$ such that $yin B'subseteq B.$


          Your first observation makes one direction fairly easy. Pick an arbitrary $d$-ball $B,$ with center $x$ and radius $r,$ and take any $yin B.$ Find a radius $r'$ such that the $d$-ball centered at $y$ with radius $r_0$ is a subset of $B.$ Call this $d$-ball $B_0.$ Now, using your first observation, show that by choosing a radius $r'$ such that $0<r'<1$ and $r'le r_0,$ then the $h$-ball centered at $y$ of radius $r'$ is then a subset of $B_0$ containing $y,$ so you've proved 1.



          To prove 2, we proceed similarly, but have more work to do. Start with an arbitrary $h$-ball $B,$ with center $x$ and radius $r,$ and take any $yin B.$ Your goal is to find some $r'>0$ such that whenever $d(y,z)<r',$ we have $h(x,z)<r.$ In other words, we need $|x-z|^{frac13}<r$ whenever $|y-z|<r'.$



          By triangle inequality, we have $$|x-z|^{frac13}le |x-y|^{frac13}+|y-z|^{frac13}$$ right away, and recalling our choice of $y,$ we have that $|x-y|^{frac13}<r,$ so that $0<r-|x-y|^{frac13}.$ Consequently, if we can ensure that $|y-z|^{frac13}<r-|x-y|^{frac13},$ we'll have $|x-z|^{frac13}<r$ as desired. Can you take it from there?






          share|cite|improve this answer














          Here, I use the term "$d$-ball" to indicate a set of the form $bigl{yinBbb R:d(x,y)<rbigr}$--specifically, I'd call that the $d$-ball centered at $x$ with radius $r$--and similarly use the term "$h$-ball" to indicate a set of the form $bigl{yinBbb R:h(x,y)<rbigr}.$



          To show topological equivalence, we want to show the following:




          1. Given any $d$-ball $B$ and any $yin B,$ there exists some $h$-ball $B'$ such that $yin B'subseteq B.$

          2. Given any $h$-ball $B$ and any $yin B,$ there exists some $d$-ball $B'$ such that $yin B'subseteq B.$


          Your first observation makes one direction fairly easy. Pick an arbitrary $d$-ball $B,$ with center $x$ and radius $r,$ and take any $yin B.$ Find a radius $r'$ such that the $d$-ball centered at $y$ with radius $r_0$ is a subset of $B.$ Call this $d$-ball $B_0.$ Now, using your first observation, show that by choosing a radius $r'$ such that $0<r'<1$ and $r'le r_0,$ then the $h$-ball centered at $y$ of radius $r'$ is then a subset of $B_0$ containing $y,$ so you've proved 1.



          To prove 2, we proceed similarly, but have more work to do. Start with an arbitrary $h$-ball $B,$ with center $x$ and radius $r,$ and take any $yin B.$ Your goal is to find some $r'>0$ such that whenever $d(y,z)<r',$ we have $h(x,z)<r.$ In other words, we need $|x-z|^{frac13}<r$ whenever $|y-z|<r'.$



          By triangle inequality, we have $$|x-z|^{frac13}le |x-y|^{frac13}+|y-z|^{frac13}$$ right away, and recalling our choice of $y,$ we have that $|x-y|^{frac13}<r,$ so that $0<r-|x-y|^{frac13}.$ Consequently, if we can ensure that $|y-z|^{frac13}<r-|x-y|^{frac13},$ we'll have $|x-z|^{frac13}<r$ as desired. Can you take it from there?







          share|cite|improve this answer














          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer








          edited 2 days ago

























          answered 2 days ago









          Cameron BuieCameron Buie

          85.1k771155




          85.1k771155








          • 1




            If we choose $r'=(r-|x-y|)^{frac{1}{3}}$ it will be done right ?
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • Exactly! Nicely done.
            – Cameron Buie
            2 days ago










          • You said 0<r'<1 , it should be r'>1
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • Oh, dear! I did things backward. I'll edit accordingly.
            – Cameron Buie
            2 days ago










          • So now it would be $r'=(r-|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}})^3$ right ? Thanks btw
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago
















          • 1




            If we choose $r'=(r-|x-y|)^{frac{1}{3}}$ it will be done right ?
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • Exactly! Nicely done.
            – Cameron Buie
            2 days ago










          • You said 0<r'<1 , it should be r'>1
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • Oh, dear! I did things backward. I'll edit accordingly.
            – Cameron Buie
            2 days ago










          • So now it would be $r'=(r-|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}})^3$ right ? Thanks btw
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          1




          1




          If we choose $r'=(r-|x-y|)^{frac{1}{3}}$ it will be done right ?
          – Any Bany
          2 days ago




          If we choose $r'=(r-|x-y|)^{frac{1}{3}}$ it will be done right ?
          – Any Bany
          2 days ago












          Exactly! Nicely done.
          – Cameron Buie
          2 days ago




          Exactly! Nicely done.
          – Cameron Buie
          2 days ago












          You said 0<r'<1 , it should be r'>1
          – Any Bany
          2 days ago




          You said 0<r'<1 , it should be r'>1
          – Any Bany
          2 days ago












          Oh, dear! I did things backward. I'll edit accordingly.
          – Cameron Buie
          2 days ago




          Oh, dear! I did things backward. I'll edit accordingly.
          – Cameron Buie
          2 days ago












          So now it would be $r'=(r-|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}})^3$ right ? Thanks btw
          – Any Bany
          2 days ago






          So now it would be $r'=(r-|x-y|^{frac{1}{3}})^3$ right ? Thanks btw
          – Any Bany
          2 days ago













          0














          Observe that for any sequences $x_n$ and $y_n$,
          $$|x_n - y_n| to 0 iff |x_n - y_n|^{1/3} to 0$$
          as $ntoinfty$.






          share|cite|improve this answer





















          • Can't we prove that $exists alpha ,beta $ such that $alpha d(x,y)leq h(x,y)leq beta d(x,y)$
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • For $|x| < 1$, $|x| le |x|^{1/3}$. You cannot get a constant for the reverse inequality.
            – ncmathsadist
            2 days ago
















          0














          Observe that for any sequences $x_n$ and $y_n$,
          $$|x_n - y_n| to 0 iff |x_n - y_n|^{1/3} to 0$$
          as $ntoinfty$.






          share|cite|improve this answer





















          • Can't we prove that $exists alpha ,beta $ such that $alpha d(x,y)leq h(x,y)leq beta d(x,y)$
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • For $|x| < 1$, $|x| le |x|^{1/3}$. You cannot get a constant for the reverse inequality.
            – ncmathsadist
            2 days ago














          0












          0








          0






          Observe that for any sequences $x_n$ and $y_n$,
          $$|x_n - y_n| to 0 iff |x_n - y_n|^{1/3} to 0$$
          as $ntoinfty$.






          share|cite|improve this answer












          Observe that for any sequences $x_n$ and $y_n$,
          $$|x_n - y_n| to 0 iff |x_n - y_n|^{1/3} to 0$$
          as $ntoinfty$.







          share|cite|improve this answer












          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered 2 days ago









          ncmathsadistncmathsadist

          42.4k259102




          42.4k259102












          • Can't we prove that $exists alpha ,beta $ such that $alpha d(x,y)leq h(x,y)leq beta d(x,y)$
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • For $|x| < 1$, $|x| le |x|^{1/3}$. You cannot get a constant for the reverse inequality.
            – ncmathsadist
            2 days ago


















          • Can't we prove that $exists alpha ,beta $ such that $alpha d(x,y)leq h(x,y)leq beta d(x,y)$
            – Any Bany
            2 days ago










          • For $|x| < 1$, $|x| le |x|^{1/3}$. You cannot get a constant for the reverse inequality.
            – ncmathsadist
            2 days ago
















          Can't we prove that $exists alpha ,beta $ such that $alpha d(x,y)leq h(x,y)leq beta d(x,y)$
          – Any Bany
          2 days ago




          Can't we prove that $exists alpha ,beta $ such that $alpha d(x,y)leq h(x,y)leq beta d(x,y)$
          – Any Bany
          2 days ago












          For $|x| < 1$, $|x| le |x|^{1/3}$. You cannot get a constant for the reverse inequality.
          – ncmathsadist
          2 days ago




          For $|x| < 1$, $|x| le |x|^{1/3}$. You cannot get a constant for the reverse inequality.
          – ncmathsadist
          2 days ago










          Any Bany is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.










          draft saved

          draft discarded


















          Any Bany is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.













          Any Bany is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.












          Any Bany is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
















          Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!


          • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

          But avoid



          • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

          • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


          Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


          To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.





          Some of your past answers have not been well-received, and you're in danger of being blocked from answering.


          Please pay close attention to the following guidance:


          • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

          But avoid



          • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

          • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


          To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




          draft saved


          draft discarded














          StackExchange.ready(
          function () {
          StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3062897%2fprove-topological-equivalence-between-two-distances%23new-answer', 'question_page');
          }
          );

          Post as a guest















          Required, but never shown





















































          Required, but never shown














          Required, but never shown












          Required, but never shown







          Required, but never shown

































          Required, but never shown














          Required, but never shown












          Required, but never shown







          Required, but never shown







          Popular posts from this blog

          Mario Kart Wii

          The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth/Afterbirth

          What does “Dominus providebit” mean?